DNP 830 Topic 2 Assignment What Are the Data Saying?

Sample Answer for DNP 830 Topic 2 Assignment What Are the Data Saying? Included After Question

General Requirements:

The DNP must have a basic understanding of statistical measurements and how they apply within the parameters of data management and analytics. This assignment will allow you to demonstrate your understanding of basic statistical tests and how to choose the appropriate test for the study being performed. You will also discuss the reliability and validity factors associated with the data sources used.

Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

  • Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
  • This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
  • You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Directions:

The purpose of this assignment is to write a paper including a comparison table. The table will be provided as an appendix to the final paper.

Using the GCU Library, locate a quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods article related to your DPI topic. You may reuse articles from Topic 1 assignment.

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Using the “Comparative Table Template,” create a table that compares quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods articles. Provide the table as an appendix to the paper.

Organize the table according to the following.

  1. Type of article.
  2. Title of the article.
  3. Type of analysis: Describe the process of analysis. There can be more than one.
  4. Applicability of test: Describe other analyses that could be used and why?
  5. Reliability and validity: Describe either the reliability and validity measures of tools used in the study or the techniques used to enhance reliability and validity in the study.

Write a 1,000 to 1,250 word paper discussing the application of data analysis, reliability and validity, and assorted statistical tests used in health related research. Include the following in your paper:

  1. State the types of study used in each article.
  2. Discuss the types of statistical tests used within each article and why they have been chosen.
  3. Discuss the applicability of the chosen statistical test and why the statistical test was chosen.
  4. Discuss the differences between parametric and nonparametric tests and how they were applied in the articles you chose.
  5. Evaluate how the factors of reliability and validity are accounted for in the articles (of instruments and surveys or in the design and data collection conducted).
  6. Summarize how the chosen studies could be applied within the context of your practice.

DNP 830 Topic 2 Assignment What Are the Data Saying?

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: DNP 830 Topic 2 Assignment What Are the Data Saying?

Title: DNP 830 Topic 2 Assignment What Are the Data Saying?

What Are the Data Saying?

The process of interpreting quantitative data in a research study is always important. The process allows the researcher to fully understand the results and their effect on the research question. Viewing raw data might not give more insights that might lead to a meaningful interpretation (Ahmad et al., 2022). Analyzing the collected data can help gain a proper understanding of what the data is saying. The analysis takes individual pieces of information, undergoes statistical analysis, and displays the data in the form of percentages, charts, or graphs. Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to review various statistical analysis methods using the provided sample of data.

Statistical Tests

Paired Sample T-test

This test compares different means from the same sample of data. It aims at determining whether these means are significantly different or not. The test is often applicable in study designs such as experimental, pretest or post-test, and control experiments (Pfenninger & Neuser, 2019). Paired sample T-test helps in comparing the difference between two conditions, two measurements, two points, or any matched pair. The tests are parametric, do not apply in unpaired samples with more than two units, and are not distributed normally around the mean. In the provided example, the baseline weight is compared to the intervention weight to determine if there is any significance for the data collected in 2012 and 2019. The mean baseline weight is 686,773.03, with an SD of 127,837.80. The intervention weight means is 679,626, with an SD of 128,367.79. The results from the data of these two years include t=0.493, df=25 t(df)=3.13, with a 95% confidence interval. P=0.000 and p<0.005 indicate a statistical difference in means.

Independent Sample T-test

An independent sample T-test is also a parametric test that is significant in evaluating whether two populations have a similar mean on any given variable. The test is always applicable in assessing the difference between two means of two different groups, the means of two interventions, or the change detected on two different scores. The data need to contain a categorical independent variable of two or more groups, a continuous dependent variable unrelated within the presented groups, and the data need to be a random sample with a normal distribution (Pfenninger & Neuser, 2019). Again, the data must have equal variances across the group with no outliers. Essentially, each group needs to contain a minimum of six participants with the same number of subjects from each group. In the provided example, this test would not be done because of the nature of the data and missing values in the sampled data.

Chi-square

The Chi-square is a test of independence that is sometimes called the chi-square test of association. The test determines the association between two variables. This non-parametric test identifies association but cannot be used in drawing inferences. The data used in this test need to contain two categorical variables with two or more categories in each variable (Pfenninger & Neuser, 2019). The subjects used in this test must be unrelated and have a large sample size. In this assignment, the chi-square was chosen to examine whether there is an association between discharge summaries recorded in 2019 and 2012. The results include a Pearson Chi-square value of is 0.650 with a df of 625 and a p-value of 0.237. The chi-square value is 0.65, which is less than the critical value of 0.237. This data shows a significant difference between baseline summaries and invention discharges.

McNemar

This test allows the researcher to check the marginal homogeneity of two different dichotomous variables. The tests were used in data of two groups with similar participants and paired data. The tests may be applicable when the categorical variables present pre or post-test instead of chi-square (Ahmad et al., 2022). The data need to include an independent variable with two related groups. The associated groups used in this test should be mutually exclusive with a random sample. This study chose the test to compare the significance of data collected over the years. The frequency of the valid cases is 26, the chi-square is 0.65and Mcnemar’s p=0.000 which is less than .05 making the results statistically significant.

Mann Whitney U

This test is sometimes called the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. It is a non-parametric test used to compare the difference between independent samples that are not normally distributed. The test requires that all the variables be in continuous or ordinal scales. Again, it requires independent observations, which are not normally distributed (Ahmad et al., 2022). Mann Whitney U test may be used when one of the parameters does not meet the condition to run an independent sample t-test. This test was selected to evaluate the difference in satisfaction between baseline and intervention data. However, the results on Mann Whitney U are not available in this section because the missing values do not allow the Independent Sample T-test.

Wilcoxon Z

This is a non-parametric test used in comparing means of any related samples. This test is used in analyzing repeated measures with or without intervention. The matched subjects with intervention and those without intervention could as well use this test. Each pair needs to be from a random sample independent of other pairs (Ahmad et al., 2022). Again, the sample should be greater than 16 with asymmetrical and continuous differences in scores. However, the results on Wilcoxon Z are not available in this section because the missing values do not allow an Independent Sample T-test.

Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests

Both of these tests are classifications of statistical procedures. The parametric tests assume that the population or sample data is normally distributed around the mean. However, the non-parametric tests do not rely on this assumption, and using parametric tests when the population deviates from this assumption might result in incorrect interpretations (Orcan, 2020). The parametric tests include one-way ANOVA, 1-sample t-Test, 2-sample test, and paired t-test. On the other hand, non-parametric tests include 1-sample Sign, Kruskal Wallis test, Signed-ranked test, Mann-Whitney test, and 1-sample Wilcoxon test. The parametric tests should be utilized when the sample size is adequate, and the spread around the mean is different. Non-parametric tests should be used when the median offers the most significant interpretation, with small sample sizes and non-normal appearing data. Also, it can be used with ordinal data, data whose outliers cannot be removed, and ranked data.

Conclusion

The statistical analysis done in the SPSS software aids in gaining an effective understanding of the data that has been collected from the field. Without analyzing data, the raw data would be difficult to gain the true meaning and result of the data. Multiple tests are important in understanding different pieces of information and how they relate to the given topic of study. From the carried-out tests, it can be determined the data on discharge summaries in 2012 and 2019 are statistically different

DNP 830 Topic 2 Assignment What Are the Data Saying? References

Ahmad, W. M. A. W., Ghazali, F. M. M., & Hasan, R. (2022). Basic Statistical Analysis For Applied Sciences. Penerbit USM.

Liu, F., Xu, W., Lu, J., Zhang, G., Gretton, A., & Sutherland, D. J. (2020, November). Learning deep kernels for non-parametric two-sample tests. In International conference on machine learning (pp. 6316-6326). PMLR. PMLR 119:6316-6326, 2020.

Orcan, F. (2020). Parametric or non-parametric: Skewness to test normality for mean comparison. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education7(2), 255-265. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.656077

Pfenninger, S. E., & Neuser, H. (2019). Inferential statistics in quantitative data analysis. In The Routledge handbook of research methods in applied linguistics (pp. 415-426). Routledge.

Provost, L. P., & Murray, S. K. (2022). The health care data guide: learning from data for improvement. John Wiley & Sons.

Sylvia, M. L. (2018). Clinical analytics and data management for the DNP. Springer Publishing Company.

General Requirements:

The DNP must have a basic understanding of statistical measurements and how they apply within the parameters of data management and analytics. This assignment will allow you to demonstrate your understanding of basic statistical tests and how to choose the appropriate test for the study being performed. You will also discuss the reliability and validity factors associated with the data sources used.

Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

  • Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
  • This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
  • You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Directions:

The purpose of this assignment is to write a paper including a comparison table. The table will be provided as an appendix to the final paper.

Using the GCU Library, locate a quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods article related to your DPI topic. You may reuse articles from Topic 1 assignment.

Using the “Comparative Table Template,” create a table that compares quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods articles. Provide the table as an appendix to the paper.

Organize the table according to the following.

  1. Type of article.
  2. Title of the article.
  3. Type of analysis: Describe the process of analysis. There can be more than one.
  4. Applicability of test: Describe other analyses that could be used and why?
  5. Reliability and validity: Describe either the reliability and validity measures of tools used in the study or the techniques used to enhance reliability and validity in the study.

Write a 1,000 to 1,250 word paper discussing the application of data analysis, reliability and validity, and assorted statistical tests used in health related research. Include the following in your paper:

  1. State the types of study used in each article.
  2. Discuss the types of statistical tests used within each article and why they have been chosen.
  3. Discuss the applicability of the chosen statistical test and why the statistical test was chosen.
  4. Discuss the differences between parametric and nonparametric tests and how they were applied in the articles you chose.
  5. Evaluate how the factors of reliability and validity are accounted for in the articles (of instruments and surveys or in the design and data collection conducted).
  6. Summarize how the chosen studies could be applied within the context of your practice.

Portfolio Practice Hours:

Practice immersion assignments are based on your current course objectives and is application based learning using your real-world practice setting. These assignments earn practice immersion hours and are indicated in the syllabus by a Portfolio Practice Hours statement, which reminds you, the learner, to enter in a corresponding case log in Typhon. Actual clock hours are entered, but the average hours associated with each practice immersion assignment is 10.

You are required to complete your assignment using real-world application. Real-world application requires the use of evidence-based data, contemporary theories, and concepts presented in the course. The culmination of your assignment must present a viable application in a current practice setting. For more information on parameters for practice immersion hours, please refer to DNP resources in the DC Network.

To earn portfolio practice hours, enter the following after the references section of your paper:

Practice Hours Completion Statement DNP-830

I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have completed (NUMBER OF) clock hours in association with the goals and objectives for this assignment. I have also tracked said practice hours in the Typhon Student Tracking System for verification purposes and will be sure that all approvals are in place from my faculty and practice mentor.

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Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

  • Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
  • There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
  • Include in-text citations in your response
  • Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
  • Follow APA-7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

  • A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
  • Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
  • Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
  • Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
  • Follow APA 7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Name:  Assignment Rubric

  Excellent Good Fair Poor
Summarize your interpretation of the frequency data provided in the output for respondent’s age, highest school grade completed, and family income from prior month. 32 (32%) – 35 (35%)The response accurately and clearly explains, in detail, a summary of the frequency distributions for the variables presented.

The response accurately and clearly explains, in detail, the number of times the value occurs in the data.

The response accurately and clearly explains, in detail, the appearance of the data, the range of data values, and an explanation of extreme values in describing intervals that sufficiently provides an analysis that fully supports the categorization of each variable value.

The response includes relevant, specific, and appropriate examples that fully support the explanations provided for each of the areas described.

28 (28%) – 31 (31%)The response accurately summarizes the frequency distributions for the variables presented.

The response accurately explains the number of times the value occurs in the data.

The response accurately explains the appearance of the data, the range of data values, and explains extreme values in describing intervals that provides an analysis which supports the categorization of each variable value.

The response includes relevant, specific, and accurate examples that support the explanations provided for each of the areas described.

25 (25%) – 27 (27%)The response inaccurately or vaguely summarizes the frequency distributions for the variables presented.

The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the number of times the value occurs in the data.

The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the appearance of the data, the range of data values, and inaccurately or vaguely explains extreme values.

An analysis that may support the categorization of each variable value is inaccurate or vague.

The response includes inaccurate and irrelevant examples that may support the explanations provided for each of the areas described.

0 (0%) – 24 (24%)The response inaccurately and vaguely summarizes the frequency distributions for the variables presented, or it is missing.

The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the number of times the value occurs in the data, or it is missing.

The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the appearance of the data, the range of data values, and an explanation of extreme values, or it is missing.

An analysis that does not support the categorization of each variable values is provided, or it is missing.

The response includes inaccurate and vague examples that do not support the explanations provided for each of the areas described, or it is missing.

Summarize your interpretation of the descriptive statistics provided in the output for respondent’s age, highest school grade completed, race and ethnicity, currently employed, and family income from prior month. 45 (45%) – 50 (50%)The response accurately and clearly summarizes in detail the interpretation of the descriptive statistics provided.

The response accurately and clearly evaluates in detail each of the variables presented, including an accurate and complete description of the sample size, the mean, the median, standard deviation, and the size and spread of the data.

40 (40%) – 44 (44%)The response accurately summarizes the interpretation of the descriptive statistics provided.

The response accurately explains evaluates each of the variables presented, including an accurate description of the sample size, the mean, the median, standard deviation, and the size and spread of the data.

35 (35%) – 39 (39%)The response inaccurately or vaguely summarizes the interpretation of the descriptive statistics provided.

The response inaccurately or vaguely evaluates each of the variables presented, including an inaccurate or vague description of the sample size, the mean, the median, the standard deviation, and the size and spread of the data.

0 (0%) – 34 (34%)The response inaccurately and vaguely summarizes the interpretation of the descriptive statistics provided, or it is missing.

The response inaccurately and vaguely evaluates each of the variables presented, including an inaccurate and vague description of the sample size, the mean, the median, the standard deviation, and the size and spread of the data, or it is missing.

Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction is provided which delineates all required criteria.
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.

A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion is provided which delineates all required criteria.

4 (4%) – 4 (4%)Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment is stated, yet is brief and not descriptive.

3 (3%) – 3 (3%)Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment is vague or off topic.

0 (0%) – 2 (2%)Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time.

No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion was provided.

Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
Total Points: 100

Name:  Assignment Rubric

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