Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630
Walden University Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630 assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630 depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630
The introduction for the Walden University Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630 is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
Struggling to Meet Your Deadline?
Get your assignment on Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630 done on time by medical experts. Don’t wait – ORDER NOW!
How to Write the Body for Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630
After the introduction, move into the main part of the Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630 assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
Stuck? Let Us Help You
Completing assignments can sometimes be overwhelming, especially with the multitude of academic and personal responsibilities you may have. If you find yourself stuck or unsure at any point in the process, don’t hesitate to reach out for professional assistance. Our assignment writing services are designed to help you achieve your academic goals with ease.
Our team of experienced writers is well-versed in academic writing and familiar with the specific requirements of the Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630 assignment. We can provide you with personalized support, ensuring your assignment is well-researched, properly formatted, and thoroughly edited. Get a feel of the quality we guarantee – ORDER NOW.
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630
- In 4 or 5 sentences, describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples.
According to Javaid et al. (2020), the human brain comprises over 100 billion distinct neurons. The neuron’s cell body harbors the nucleus and serves as the point of attachment for both the dendrites and axons of the neuron. The term “soma” is sometimes used to refer to the cell body, while axon clusters, commonly referred to as nerves in some contexts, can be found throughout the body in various locations. Neurons can interact with one another even when they are separated by large distances, which is made possible by the fact that they contain dendrites and axons. Furthermore, owing to the mechanism of electrical conduction intrinsic to neurons, nerve impulses can propagate at a remarkable pace, marked by a transient electrical oscillation that traverses from the neuronal soma, through its dendrites, and culminates at the terminal end of the axon.
- Answer the following (listing is acceptable for these questions):
- What are the major components that make up subcortical structures?
- Basal ganglia: Pertains to a cluster of subcortical nuclei that are primarily accountable for regulating motor control (Wilfrid Jänig, 2022). Additionally, they play a crucial role in executive functions, motor learning, and emotional and behavioral regulation.
- Limbic structure: The limbic system is responsible for the regulation of motivation, mood, learning, and memory through its intricate network of structures and interconnected regions(Wilfrid Jänig, 2022). The interface between the subcortical structures and the cerebral cortex is located within the limbic system. The limbic system exerts its influence on the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
- Thalamic structures: The structure in question comprises four distinct components, namely the thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus. Each of the aforementioned structures plays a crucial role in the survival and optimal operation of the human body (Wilfrid Jänig, 2022). Therefore, it is imperative to familiarize oneself with their anatomy.
- Cerebellar: The cerebellum is a neuroanatomical structure situated in the posterior cranial fossa, superior and posterior to the pontomedullary junction, where the spinal cord merges with the brainstem. The aforementioned structure is a significant subcortical entity that has an impact not only on motor function but also potentially on cognitive and emotional processes (Wilfrid Jänig, 2022).
- Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction?
- What are the major components that make up subcortical structures?
According to Wilfrid Janig (2022), the limbic structure contributes to the capacity of the human body to acquire new information and retain it. Furthermore, it assumes a crucial function in the control of cognitive attention and behaviors that are addictive.
- What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control?
- Dopamine: While the activity of dopaminergic cells cannot directly dictate movements, a recent study conducted on humans has indicated that the consistent levels of dopamine present in the dorsal striatum may contribute to the facilitation of regular motion by encoding the sensitivity to the energy expenditure of a movement (Skelin et al., 2019). This implicit signal can be interpreted as a “motor motivational” cue.
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): It is widely distributed throughout the nervous system and plays a crucial role in inhibiting the transmission of signals. It is essential for regulating movement, both in the cortex and subcortical regions of the brain.
- In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glial cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples.
The phrase “glial cells” may refer to several different kinds of glial cells, including astrocytes, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells all of which have a unique role in ensuring that the brain continues to operate normally (Yang & Zhou, 2019). Astrocytes are responsible for controlling blood flow, as well as supplying neurons with mitochondria and the components necessary to construct neurotransmitters, which are the driving force behind neuronal metabolism. Schwann cells play an essential role in the development, maintenance, functioning, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. Oligodendrocytes are chiefly accountable for the production and upkeep of the myelin sheath that envelops axons within the nervous system while microglia are enduring brain cells that govern brain maturation, the safeguarding of neural networks, and the recuperation from injuries.
- The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific.
When an action potential is generated at the chemical synapse, the neuron at the presynaptic cleft is stimulated, which results in the release of neurotransmitters, which are the molecules that are responsible for transporting information being propagated from the presynaptic gap to the postsynaptic cleft, which is where it is accepted by another cell. The dendrite of the receiving neuron is the one that is responsible for receiving the message from the axon terminal of the transmitting neuron. Because one axon may create synapses on a large number of postsynaptic cells, it can interact with a large number of cells (Stadelmann et al., 2019). As a consequence of this, a single neuron may receive information from the other neurons since it is capable of receiving millions of synaptic inputs from a wide variety of neurons that are responsible for transmitting presynaptic signals.
- In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples.
Neuroplasticity, commonly referred to aseither brain plasticityor neural plasticity, denotes a phenomenon wherein the brain encounters adaptive modifications in both functional and structural domains. The nervous system is capable of modifying its activity in response to both internal and external stimuli through the process of restoring its functions, pattern, or connections following events such as cerebrovascular incidents or traumatic brain injuries (Innocenti, 2022). These alterations may be helpful in that they lead to the regeneration of function after an injury, neutral in that there is no change, or pathologically detrimental with the resulting pathological consequences.The notion of neuroplasticity can be deconstructed into two primary mechanisms, which are functional reorganizationand collateral sprouting/neuronal regeneration.
References
Innocenti, G. M. (2022). Defining neuroplasticity. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00001-1
Javaid, M. A., Schellekens, H., Cryan, J. F., & Toulouse, A. (2020). Evaluation of Neuroanatomy Web Resources for Undergraduate Education: Educators’ and Students’ Perspectives. Anatomical sciences education, 13(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1896
Skelin, I., Kilianski, S., & McNaughton, B. L. (2019). Hippocampal coupling with cortical and subcortical structures in the context of memory consolidation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 160, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2018.04.004
Stadelmann, C., Timmler, S., Barrantes-Freer, A., & Simons, M. (2019). Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology. Physiological Reviews, 99(3), 1381–1431. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2018
Wilfrid Jänig. (2022). The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System. Cambridge University Press.
Yang, Q.-Q., & Zhou, J.-W. (2019). Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system: Symphony of glial cells. Glia, 67(6), 1017–1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23571
Appropriate Drug Therapy for a Patient with MDD and a History of Alcohol Abuse
A combination of an antidepressant and a medicine that treats alcohol abuse would probably be the best pharmacological therapy for a patient with MDD and a history of alcohol consumption. As a first-line therapy for MDD, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like fluoxetine or sertraline are advised. Naltrexone may also be administered to ease alcohol withdrawal symptoms and cravings. In this patient, antidepressants such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors are not advised since they raise the risk of seizures. Within six to eight weeks of beginning treatment, the patient should see a reduction in symptoms, but it’s crucial to keep up the medication for at least six to twelve months to avoid relapse (Akbar et al., 2018).
Predictors of Late Onset Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- A past history of depression
- Ongoing medical issues
- Trauma or abuse
- A family history of anxiety disorders
(Mohammadi et al., 2020).
Potential Neurobiology Causes of Psychotic Major Depression
- Abnormal activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Abnormal activity in the noradrenergic system
- Abnormal activity in the serotonergic system
- Abnormal activity in the dopaminergic system
(Dean et al., 2017).
Symptoms Required for Major Depression Episode to Occur
- Persistent feelings of hopelessness or loss of vigor or pleasure
- Exhaustion or lack of energy
- Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- Changes in appetite or sleeping patterns
- Feelings of guilt or inadequacy
- Suicidal or death-related thoughts
(Pykel et al., 2022).
Classes of Drugs That Can Precipitate Insomnia
- Beta blockers for example Propranolol
- Corticosteroids for example prednisone
- Antidepressant, for example
(Bonnet et al, .2021).
References
Akbar, M., Egli, M., Cho, Y. E., Song, B. J., & Noronha, A. (2018). Medications for alcohol use disorders: An overview. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 185, 64-85. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.11.007.
Mohammadi, M. R., Pourdehghan, P., Mostafavi, S. A., Hooshyari, Z., Ahmadi, N., & Khaleghi, A. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, predictors, and comorbidity in children and adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102234. Doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102234.
Dean, J., & Keshavan, M. (2017). The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 101-111. Doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.025
Paykel, E. S. (2022). Basic concepts of depression. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 10(3). Doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.3/espaykel
Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (2021). Risk factors, comorbidities, and consequences of insomnia in adults. Up-to-date, Waltham, MA.
In 4 or 5 sentences, describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples.
The human brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons. The anatomical structure of the neuron is made up of a cell body, that includes the cell nucleus and the axons, and the dendrites (Camina & GĂĽell, 2017). The dendrites and the axons allow the neurons to communicate across any distance, long or short, through electrical conduction and chemical transmission. The electrical conduction involves a short electrical fluctuation that propagates down the dendrites, through the cell body, and out at the axon terminal. Chemical conduction on the other hand occurs in the synapse between two neurons, enabling the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Answer the following (listing is acceptable for these questions):
What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures?
- Basal ganglia (Javaid et al, 2020).
- Limbic structures
- Pituitary gland
- Diencephalon
Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction?
The limbic structures
What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control?
- Gamma-aminobutyricric acid (GABA)
- Dopamine
In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples.
Glial cells mainly provide supporting functions to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. In the CNS, glial cells are made up of ependymal cells, rapid glial cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes (Slominski et al., 2017). Microglial cells are responsible for the normal development of the brain in addition to the defense mechanisms, whereas oligodendrocytes are responsible for the production of the myelin sheath which promotes rapid transmission of electrical impulses. Astrocytes play a significant role in maintaining a balance in the chemical environment to control local blood flow and promote oxygenation in addition to maintaining the homeostasis of the brain.
Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: Week 1 Assignment: Short Answer Assessment NURS 6630
The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific.
The synapse allows one neuron to send a message to the target neuron in another cell. Communication through the synapse normally occurs by the use of chemical messengers (Durkee & Araque, 2019). However, other synapses are normally electrical where ions flow directly between two cells. At the chemical synapse, the communication occurs by triggering an action potential at the presynaptic neuron releasing neurotransmitters that carry the message to the next neuron.
In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples.
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to alter its activity following intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by recognizing its function, connections, or structure (Innocenti, 2022). Through neuroplasticity, the brain neurons can compensate for disease or injury and adjust their activities in response to the change in environment or the new situation. Neuroplasticity can occur in two main mechanisms, neuronal regeneration/collateral sprouting which is associated with concepts such as neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, or through functional reorganization which is associated with concepts like diaschisis, vicariation, and equipotentiality.
References
Camina, E., & GĂĽell, F. (2017). The neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and psychological basis of memory: Current models and their origins. Frontiers in pharmacology, 8, 438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00438
Durkee, C. A., & Araque, A. (2019). Diversity and specificity of astrocyte-neuron communication. Neuroscience, 396, 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.010
Innocenti, G. M. (2022). Defining neuroplasticity. Handbook of clinical neurology, 184, 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819410-2.00001-1
Javaid, M. A., Schellekens, H., Cryan, J. F., & Toulouse, A. (2020). Evaluation of Neuroanatomy Web Resources for Undergraduate Education: Educators’ and Students’ Perspectives. Anatomical sciences education, 13(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1896
Slominski, T. N., Momsen, J. L., & Montplaisir, L. M. (2017). Drawing on student knowledge of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Advances in physiology education, 41(2), 212-221. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00129.2016
Neurons are information messengers with three main parts namely the cell body, axon, and the dendrites (Kringelbach et al., 2020). The cell body is made up of a nucleus and cytoplasm and produces protein required to construct other parts of the neuron. The axon, on the other hand, extends from the cell body and carries signals away from the cell body while the dendrites carry signals toward the cell body and have numerous synapses to receive the signal from nearby neurons.
Upon stimulation, neurons transmit an electrical impulse that passes through the dendrite, to the cell body, axon, axon terminal, and finally, the stimulus is passed (Kringelbach et al., 2020). At the axonal terminal, the axon releases neurotransmitters that depolarize neighboring cells through synapses and by binding to the membrane of the dendrite.
Subcortical Structures
Other structures within the brain are subcortical structures that act as information hubs for the nervous system. Their main role is to relay and modulate information circulating in different areas of the brain. They include the basal ganglia, limbic structures, pituitary gland, and the diencephalon (Malinowski, 2019).
The limbic systems play a great role in learning and memory addiction. The systems provide the anatomical substrate for emotions and motivated behaviors, including the circulatory for reward-related events and stress responses. Specifically, the hippocampus is used to mediate a cognitive/spatial form of memory.
It controls learning and declarative memory which covers the memory of facts and events (Malinowski, 2019). The dorsal striatum also helps in memory by mediating the stimulus-response habit memory. Addiction on the other hand is linked to the limbic system through the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus (Malinowski, 2019).
In line with motor control, the nigra striatal region offers two anatomically and functionally distinct portions knowns as the substantia nigra pars compacta and the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
Glial Cells
Other essential components in the central nervous system are the glial cells. They include the astrocytes whose role is to maintain the environment for neuronal signaling by controlling the level of neurotransmitters surrounding the synapses (Hirbec et al., 2020).
Equally, oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons forming a protective layer called myelin sheath which enhances neuron signaling. The cells also include microglia, ependymal cells, and radial glial whose roles are clearing dead cells or removing harmful toxins, maintaining homeostasis, and regenerating neurons and other glial cells like astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively.
Neuron Communication
Neurons communicate with each other through synaptic transmission. A chemical synapse is registered at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron (Malinowski, 2019). The dendrite picks up signals and passes the signals down to the axon, into the axon terminals, and into the synapses. The role of the chemical synapse is to transform the electrical signal in the presynaptic cell’s axon into a chemical signal and back into an electrical signal in the postsynaptic cell.
Neuroplasticity
Brain plasticity denotes the ability of the brain to reorganize itself and form new neural connections in response to extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli. Through axonal sprouting, the undamaged axons develop new nerve endings and reconnect neurons with severed or injured links (Mateos-Aparicio & RodrĂguez-Moreno, 2019).
For instance, undamaged brain sites of stroke patients rewire themselves to take over functions of the damaged brain sites. Similarly, the undamaged axons sprout nerve endings that connect with other undamaged nerve cells to form new neural pathways (Mateos-Aparicio & RodrĂguez-Moreno, 2019). For example, exposing the brain to specific grammatical rules helps it process and develop language.
References
Hirbec, H., DĂ©glon, N., Foo, L. C., Goshen, I., Grutzendler, J., Hangen, E., … & Escartin, C. (2020). Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia, 68(9), 1692-1728. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23780
Kringelbach, M. L., Cruzat, J., Cabral, J., Knudsen, G. M., Carhart-Harris, R., Whybrow, P. C., … & Deco, G. (2020). Dynamic coupling of whole-brain neuronal and neurotransmitter systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(17), 9566-9576. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921475117
Malinowski, M. N. (2019). Anatomy of the brain and brain stem. In Deer’s Treatment of Pain (pp. 49-59). Springer, Cham.
Mateos-Aparicio, P., & RodrĂguez-Moreno, A. (2019). The impact of studying brain plasticity. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 13, 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00066
| Criteria | Ratings | Pts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
In 3 or 4 sentences, explain the appropriate drug therapy for a patient who presents with MDD and a history of alcohol abuse. Which drugs are contraindicated, if any, and why. Be specific. What it is the timeframe that the patient should see resolution of symptoms?
|
| |||||
|
List four predictors of late onset generalized anxiety disorder.
|
| |||||
|
List four potential neurobiology causes of psychotic major depression.
|
| |||||
|
An episode of major depression is defined as a period of time lasting at least 2 weeks. List at least five symptoms required for the episode to occur. Be specific.
|
| |||||
|
List 3 classes of drugs, with a corresponding example for each class, that precipitate insomnia. Be specific.
|
| |||||
|
Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation
|
| |||||
|
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.
|
| |||||
|
Total Points: 75
| ||||||
The Neuron
Anatomically, the neuron is chiefly composed of the soma, nerve fiber, and dendrites. The cell body consists of organelles including but not limited to mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Consequently, the cell body produces energy to propel cellular activities, contains genetic information, and maintains the structure of the nerve cell.
The nerve fiber conveys action potentials away from the cell body while the dendrites carry impulses to the cell body. Neurons have a resting membrane potential which following stimulation results in depolarization and generation of action potential in the form of an impulse. This impulse travels unidirectionally from the soma to the axonal terminal.
Subcortical Structures
Fan et al. (2019) highlight the following as components of subcortical structures;
- Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus
- Hippocampus and amygdala
- Basal ganglia
- Pituitary gland.
Learning, Memory, and Addiction
David et al. (2018) outline the following as components that are involved in learning, memory, and addiction;
- Amygdala
- Prefrontal cortex
- Nucleus accumbens
- Hippocampus
- Dorsal striatum- caudate and putamen
Neurotransmitters in the Substantia Nigra
- Dopamine
- GABA
Glial Cells
Non-neuronal cells of the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS while astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier, participate in tissue repair, and physically brace the nerve cells (Nirzhor et al., 2018). Ependymal cells are involved in CSF production whereas microglia are the phagocytic cells of the CNS (Nirzhor et al., 2018).
Synapse
Axodendritic synapses transmit impulses between axons and dendrites while axosomatic synapses transmit impulses between nerve fibers and the cell body (SĂĽdhof, 2018). Meanwhile, axoaxonic synapses transmit impulses between nerve fibers. Finally, dendrodendritic synapses transmit impulses between dendrites. The action potentials are conveyed from presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons (SĂĽdhof, 2018).
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity involves structural and functional reorganization of the brain in response to injurious external or internal stimuli. Neuronal plasticity encompasses multiple processes including diaschisis, functional reorganization, and synaptic plasticity (Mateos-Aparicio & RodrĂguez-Moreno, 2019). These processes facilitate the restoration of function following injurious events such as stroke.
References
David, V., Béracochéa, D., & Walton, M. E. (2018). Editorial: Memory systems of the addicted brain: The underestimated role of cognitive biases in addiction and its treatment. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00030
Fan, F., Xiang, H., Tan, S., Yang, F., Fan, H., Guo, H., Kochunov, P., Wang, Z., Hong, L. E., & Tan, Y. (2019). Subcortical structures and cognitive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. Neuroimaging, 286, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.01.003
Mateos-Aparicio, P., & RodrĂguez-Moreno, A. (2019). The impact of studying brain plasticity. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 13, 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00066
Nirzhor, S. S. R., Khan, R. I., & Neelotpol, S. (2018). The biology of glial cells and their complex roles in Alzheimer’s disease: New opportunities in therapy. Biomolecules, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom8030093
Südhof, T. C. (2018). Towards an understanding of synapse formation. Neuron, 100(2), 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.040
Short Answer Assessment
As a psychiatric and mental health nurse practitioner, before you can recommend potential pharmacotherapeutics to address a patient’s condition or disorder, you must understand the basic function and structure of the neuron and central nervous system. For this Assignment, you will review and apply your understanding of neuroanatomy by addressing a set of short answer prompts.
To Prepare:
- Review the Learning Resources for this week in preparation to complete this Assignment.
- Reflect on the basic function and structure of the neuron in relation to the central nervous system.
- Reflect on the inter-connectedness between neurons and the central nervous system, including the pathway and distribution of electrical impulses.
- Reflect on how neurons communicate with each other and review the concept of neuroplasticity.
To complete:
Address the following Short Answer prompts for your Assignment. Be sure to include references to the Learning Resources for this week.
- In 4 or 5 sentences, describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples.
- Answer the following (listing is acceptable for these questions):
- What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures?
- Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction?
- What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control?
- In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples.
- The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific.
- In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples.
Resources
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.
WEEKLY RESOURCES
By Day 7
Submit your Assignment.
submission information
Before submitting your final assignment, you can check your draft for authenticity. To check your draft, access the Turnitin Drafts from the Start Here area.
- To submit your completed assignment, save your Assignment as WK1Assgn2_LastName_Firstinitial
- Then, click on Start Assignment near the top of the page.
- Next, click on Upload File and select Submit Assignment for review.
Rubric
NURS_6630_Week1_Assignment_Rubric
| NURS_6630_Week1_Assignment_Rubric | |||
| Criteria | Ratings | Pts | |
| This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome In 4 or 5 sentences, describe the anatomy of the basic unit of the nervous sytem, the neuron. Include each part of the neuron and a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse. Be specific and provide examples. | 13 to >11.0 pts Excellent Point range: 90–100 The response accurately and clearly describes in detail the anatomy of the neuron. The response accurately and clearly describes in detail each part of the neuron, and it includes a detailed explanation of the general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse…. Examples fully support the response provided. 11 to >10.0 pts Good Point range: 80–89 The response accurately describes the anatomy of the neuron. The response accurately describes each part of the neuron, and it includes a general overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse…. Examples support the response provided. 10 to >9.0 pts Fair Point range: 70–79 The response provides an inaccurate or vague description of the anatomy of the neuron. The response inaccurately or vaguely describes each part of the neuron, and it includes an inaccurate or vague overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse…. Examples vaguely support the response provided. 9 to >0 pts Poor Point range: 0–69 The response provides an inaccurate or incomplete description of the anatomy of the neuron, or is missing. The response inaccurately or incompletely describes each part of the neuron, and it includes an inaccurate or vague overview of electrical impulse conduction, the pathway it travels, and the net result at the termination of the impulse, or is missing…. Examples do not support the response provided, or is missing. | 13 pts | |
| This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Answer the following (listing is acceptable for these questions):a. What are the major components that make up the subcortical structures?b. Which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction?c. What are the two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control? | 13 to >11.0 pts Excellent Point range: 90–100 The response accurately and clearly details the major components that make up the subcortical structures…. The response accurately and clearly details which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction…. The response accurately and clearly identifies the two neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control. 11 to >10.0 pts Good Point range: 80–89 The response accurately identifies the major components that make up the subcortical structures…. The response accurately identifies which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction…. The response accurately identifies the two neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control. 10 to >9.0 pts Fair Point range: 70–79 The response inaccurately identifies the major components that make up the subcortical structures…. The response inaccurately identifies which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction…. The response inaccurately identifies two neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control. 9 to >0 pts Poor Point range: 0–69 The response inaccurately and incompletely identifies the major components that make up the subcortical structures, or is missing…. The response inaccurately and incompletely identifies which component plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction, or is missing…. The response inaccurately and incompletely identifies two neurotransmitters in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control, or is missing. | 13 pts | |
| This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome In 3 or 4 sentences, explain how glia cells function in the central nervous system. Be specific and provide examples. | 13 to >11.0 pts Excellent Point range: 90–100 The response accurately and clearly explains in detail how glia cells function in the central nervous system…. Examples fully support the response provided. 11 to >10.0 pts Good Point range: 80–89 The response accurately explains how glia cells function in the central nervous system…. Examples support the response provided. 10 to >9.0 pts Fair Point range: 70–79 The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how glia cells function in the central nervous system…. Examples inaccurately or vaguely support the response provided. 9 to >0 pts Poor Point range: 0–69 The response inaccurately and vaguely explains how glia cells function in the central nervous system, or is missing…. Examples do not support the response provided, or is missing. | 13 pts | |
| This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome The synapse is an area between two neurons that allows for chemical communication. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain what part of the neurons are communicating with each other and in which direction does this communication occur? Be specific. | 13 to >11.0 pts Excellent Point range: 90–100 The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs. 11 to >10.0 pts Good Point range: 80–89 The response accurately explains the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs. 10 to >9.0 pts Fair Point range: 70–79 The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs. 9 to >0 pts Poor Point range: 0–69 The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the part of the neurons that communicate with each other and the direction in which this communication occurs, or is missing. | 13 pts | |
| This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome In 3–5 sentences, explain the concept of “neuroplasticity.” Be specific and provide examples. | 13 to >11.0 pts Excellent Point range: 90–100 The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the concept of neuroplasticity…. Examples provided fully support the response provided. 11 to >10.0 pts Good Point range: 80–89 The response accurately explains the concept of neuroplasticity…. Examples provided support the response provided. 10 to >9.0 pts Fair Point range: 70–79 The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the concept of neuroplasticity…. Examples inaccurately or vaguely support the response provided. 9 to >0 pts Poor Point range: 0–69 The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the concept of neuroplasticity, or is missing…. Examples do not support the response provided, or is missing. | 13 pts | |
| This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation | 5 to >4.0 pts Excellent Point range: 90–100 Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4 to >3.5 pts Good Point range: 80–89 Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3.5 to >2.0 pts Fair Point range: 70–79 Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 2 to >0 pts Poor Point range: 0–69 Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. | 5 pts | |
| This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. | 5 to >4.0 pts Excellent Point range: 90–100 Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4 to >3.5 pts Good Point range: 80–89 Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. 3.5 to >2.0 pts Fair Point range: 70–79 Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. 2 to >0 pts Poor Point range: 0–69 Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. | 5 pts | |
| Total Points: 75 | |||
Submission
Submitted!
Dec 4 at 8:05am
Download WK1Assgn2_Ojevwe_I.docx
Grade: 75 (75 pts possible)
Graded Anonymously: no
Comments:
Great job with your research on this topic. Good start to the term – keep it up.
Don’t wait until the last minute
Fill in your requirements and let our experts deliver your work asap.