SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS Discussion Questions (DQ) Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words. Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source. One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words. I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses. Weekly Participation Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately. In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies. Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work). Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week. APA Format and Writing Quality Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required). Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation. I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition. Use of Direct Quotes I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly. As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an underastanding of the content or critical analysis of the content. It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source. Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: Lopes Write Policy For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me. Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes. Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own? Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score. Late Policy The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies. Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances. If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect. I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension. As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading. Communication Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class. Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours. Important information for writing discussion questions and participation Welcome to class Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you. Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted. If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations. Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements. Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week. I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course! Hi Class, Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts. Contact me if you have any questions. Important information on Writing a Discussion Question • Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references) • There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article. • Include in-text citations in your response • Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information • Follow APA-7th edition • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor • A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week. • Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article • Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references) • Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count. • Follow APA 7th edition • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed • Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points. • Here are some helpful links • Student paper example • Citing Sources • The Writing Center is a great resource

Walden University SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630 assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630                     

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630 depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630                     

The introduction for the Walden University SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630 is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

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How to Write the Body for SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630                     

After the introduction, move into the main part of the SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630 assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630                     

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630                     

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: SELF ASSESSMENT: NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630

Neurons are information messengers whose role is to transmit information between the areas of the brain and the rest of the nervous system. They have three main parts namely the cell body, axon, and the dendrites (Kringelbach et al., 2020). The cell body is made up of a nucleus and cytoplasm and produces protein required to construct other parts of the neuron.

The axon, on the other hand, extends from the cell body and carries signals away from the cell body while the dendrites carry signals toward the cell body and have numerous synapses to receive the signal from nearby neurons.

Upon stimulation, neurons transmit an electrical impulse that passes through the dendrite, to the cell body, axon, axon terminal, and finally, the stimulus is passed (Kringelbach et al., 2020). At the axonal terminal, the axon releases neurotransmitters that depolarize neighboring cells through synapses and by binding to the membrane of the dendrite.

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Other structures within the brain are subcortical structures that act as information hubs for the nervous system. Their main role is to relay and modulate information circulating in different areas of the brain. They include the basal ganglia, limbic structures, pituitary gland, and the diencephalon (Malinowski, 2019).  The limbic systems play a great role in learning and memory addiction.  The systems provide the anatomical substrate for emotions and motivated behaviors, including the circulatory for reward-related events and stress responses.

SELF ASSESSMENT NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630
SELF ASSESSMENT NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NURS 6630

Specifically, the hippocampus is used to mediate a cognitive/spatial form of memory. It controls learning and declarative memory which covers the memory of facts and events (Malinowski, 2019).  The dorsal striatum also helps in memory by mediating the stimulus-response habit memory.

Addiction on the other hand is linked to the limbic system through the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus (Malinowski, 2019). In line with motor control, the nigra striatal region offers two anatomically and functionally distinct portions knowns as the substantia nigra pars compacta and the substantia nigra pars reticulata.

Other essential components in the central nervous system are the glial cells. They include the astrocytes whose role is to maintain the environment for neuronal signaling by controlling the level of neurotransmitters surrounding the synapses (Hirbec et al., 2020). Equally, oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons forming a protective layer called myelin sheath which enhances neuron signaling.

The cells also include microglia, ependymal cells, and radial glial whose roles are clearing dead cells or removing harmful toxins, maintaining homeostasis, and regenerating neurons and other glial cells like astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively.

Neurons communicate with each other through synaptic transmission. A chemical synapse is registered at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron (Malinowski, 2019).

The dendrite picks up signals and passes the signals down to the axon, into the axon terminals, and into the synapses. The role of the chemical synapse is to transform the electrical signal in the presynaptic cell’s axon into a chemical signal and back into an electrical signal in the postsynaptic cell.

Brain plasticity denotes the ability of the brain to reorganize itself and form new neural connections in response to extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli.  Through axonal sprouting, the undamaged axons develop new nerve endings and reconnect neurons with severed or injured links (Mateos-Aparicio & Rodríguez-Moreno, 2019).

For instance, undamaged brain sites of stroke patients rewire themselves to take over functions of the damaged brain sites. Similarly, the undamaged axons sprout nerve endings that connect with other undamaged nerve cells to form new neural pathways (Mateos-Aparicio & Rodríguez-Moreno, 2019).   For example, exposing the brain to specific grammatical rules helps it process and develop language.

References

Hirbec, H., Déglon, N., Foo, L. C., Goshen, I., Grutzendler, J., Hangen, E., … & Escartin, C. (2020). Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia, 68(9), 1692-1728. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23780

Kringelbach, M. L., Cruzat, J., Cabral, J., Knudsen, G. M., Carhart-Harris, R., Whybrow, P. C., … & Deco, G. (2020). Dynamic coupling of whole-brain neuronal and neurotransmitter systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(17), 9566-9576. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921475117

Malinowski, M. N. (2019). Anatomy of the brain and brain stem. In Deer’s Treatment of Pain (pp. 49-59). Springer, Cham.

Psychopharmacological Action

Agonist drugs help to boost or increase the targeted action by performing very similarly to the natural ligand’s action (Mental Health TV, 2022). The antagonist acts to block the receptor sites on the cells from receiving the chemical signals from the presynaptic neurons. Agonist drugs increase action and antagonist drugs decrease action.

Partial agonist function relates to situations where there are parts of the brain that have hyperactive neurotransmission and other parts that have hypoactive neurotransmission. The partial agonist drugs act by blocking, antagonistically, the areas that are hyperactive, and activating, agonistically, the areas that are hypoactive (Mental Health TV, 2022). Inverse agonist both blocks receptor sites and reduces agonist activity (Stahl, 2021). The agonist-to-antagonist spectrum refers to the varied action potentials of these drugs types.

G Couple Proteins and Ion Gated Channels

Both the g coupling proteins channels and the ion gated channels are cell surface receptors that act to receive signals from outside of the cell and transmit that signal to the inside of the cell. As described by their names, the g coupling proteins utilize g proteins for the transmission of signals whereas the ion gated channels use ions of various type to transmit signals. Both cell surface receptors act on an agonist spectrum (Stahl, 2023). Ion flux is passive where g couple protein binding is active and requires energy.

Epigenetics

Epigenetics is defined as an alterations of DNA for the purpose of affecting gene expression (Ben David et al., 2023). Gene silencing or activation may be an advantageous route to improve therapeutic action of psychopharmacological drugs. This is an exciting topic for the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions and is still not well understood.

Prescriptive Rationale

As described by the professor in the Mental Health TV YouTube lecture, Schizophrenia is a classic example to discuss the impact of an antagonist drug. With the hypothesis being that there is too much dopamine, drugs used act to block the action of dopamine neurotransmission may offer symptoms relief, benefit, or improvement (2022).

It is valuable for the prescriber to have an in depth understanding of how to drugs acts on the agonist spectrum when addressing the treatment plan for their patients and the goal for pharmacological interventions. 

References:

Ben David, G., Amir, Y., Salalha, R., Sharvit, L., Richter-Levin, G., & Atzmon, G. (2023). Can epigenetics predict drug efficiency in mental disorders? Cells (2073-4409), 12(8), 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12081173

Links to an external site.

Mental Health TV. (2022, Oct 7).  Psychopharmacology-Module four. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46Ioy6SSta4&t=89s

Links to an external site.

Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th Ed.) Cambridge University Press.

Mateos-Aparicio, P., & Rodríguez-Moreno, A. (2019). The impact of studying brain plasticity. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 13, 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00066

  1. Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments.

Pharmacological agents can act as agonists or antagonists. An agonist binds to the receptor activating an intrinsic response (Berg & Clarke, 2018). Antagonists on the other hand block the agonists mediated responses. Several agonists however exist with an existence of a spectrum measured against the present endogenous agonists in the body, binding to the same receptors. For instance, in the brain, dopamine is the endogenous ligand for dopaminergic receptors, despite the availability of several drugs that also bind to the same dopaminergic receptors. Other examples of agonists include partial and inverse agonists. Partial agonists bind to the receptor, activating it, but display only partial efficacy as compared to full or endogenous agonists. Inverse agonists on the other hand bind to the receptor but inhibit normal activity, excreting an opposing pharmacological action.

  1. Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion-gated channels.

G-protein coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that are components of the postsynaptic ion channels (Egyed et al., 2020). The main difference between ion-gated channels and G-protein coupled receptors is that the former comprises cell membrane pores that allow movement of ions in and out of the cell, once bound to a neurotransmitter, while the latter recognizes several ligands such as small molecules, proteins, and photons to open and close the ion channels via activation of the G-protein, intracellular messenger. Generally, G-coupled proteins are metabotropic while ion-gated channels are ionotropic.

  1. Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.

Several classes of new drugs aimed at regulating epigastric mechanisms as a means of counteracting the state of the disease in humans (Rager et al., 2019). The main significance of epigastric mechanisms is to shift the phenotype of the disease towards a healthy phenotype, by maintaining normal cell activity. Epigastric mechanisms have also helped in identifying targeted treatment for neurodegenerative and chronic disorders such as Alzheimer’s and cancer.

  1. Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.

When prescribing drugs to a patient, it is crucial to understand their mode of action, to ensure that a synergistic effect is achieved (Berg & Clarke, 2018). Consequently, due to drug interactions, dose adjustment may be necessary for drugs that act on the same receptor, or elicit similar effects. For instance, when managing bipolar disorder, patients may be prescribed lithium as the first-line mood stabilizer, together with an SSRI such as sertraline to manage depression. Dose adjustment of the two drugs is necessary given that they both act on 5HT receptors and hence can increase the risks of serotonin syndrome.

References

Berg, K. A., & Clarke, W. P. (2018). Making sense of pharmacology: Inverse agonism and functional selectivity. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(10), 962–977. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy071

Egyed, A., Domány-Kovács, K., Koványi, B., Horti, F., Kurkó, D., Kiss, D. J., … & Keserű, G. M. (2020). Controlling receptor function from the extracellular vestibule of G-protein coupled receptors. Chemical Communications, 56(91), 14167-14170. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CC05532H

Links to an external site.

Rager, J. E., Suh, M., Chappell, G. A., Thompson, C. M., & Proctor, D. M. (2019). Review of transcriptomic responses to hexavalent chromium exposure in lung cells supports the role of epigenetic mediators in carcinogenesis. Toxicology letters, 305, 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.01.011

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