PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities

Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities                         

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities                       

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities                       

After the introduction, move into the main part of the PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities                       

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities                         

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities Included After Question

Race is often used as a descriptor of disease burden in epidemiology and helps to determine where health disparities exist so that they may be addressed through public health programs and policy. However, it is important to differentiate between race as a descriptor and race as a risk factor. Increasing evidence points to structural and institutionalized racism and racial trauma as risk factors that contribute to socioeconomic, epigenetic, and transgenerational consequences that result in minority health disparities.

Consider the following statement: “Race is not a risk factor and should not be used in public health data collection.” Discuss the ethical and public health implications of this statement. When might collecting data on race perpetuate institutional racism leading to health disparities and when is it necessary to improve public health? What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities? What policies and system changes are required to dismantle institutionalized racism and reduce minority health disparities? Consider ethical issues related to respect for persons, beneficence, and justice as described in The Belmont Report.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities

Title:  PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities

In research that I have done regarding maternal mortality and specifically the incidence hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, mainly preeclampsia, being African American was described as a risk factor. Due to social economic disparities, culture, and other factors such a history of hypertension lead to African Americans having a higher risk factor.  Study after study suggests this, but certainly not as a descriptor. 

But that is not to say that racism does not exist in healthcare. As discussed by Williams et al. (2019) that structural racism determines differential access to health and resources that drive disparities in care. Studies have shown that segregation does not equate in better health. communities separated by race still tend to fare worse when it comes to diseases such as heart disease. Policies have been made based on difference, where separate is not equal. Racial discrimination or perceived discrimination affects the outcome of health due to trust issues or perceived notions regarding the individual being treated. 

Williams & Cooper (2019) suggest that we use what we know to decrease health care institutional racism by creating communities of opportunity. But to do this, societal systems that create inequities such as education, housing, work, and other areas that address early education, childhood poverty, enhanced economic opportunities, and better housing. There are many strategies but building political will to address these things has to be addressed for the public to have better health outcomes. It is the Christian thing to do. We must find a way to increase public empathy, not just for moments but sustainably overtime. 

References

 Williams, D., R., Lawrence, J., A., Davis, B., A. (2019). Racism and health:  Evidence and needed research.  Annual Review of Public Health ,40(1), 105-125. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750 

Williams, D. R., & Cooper, L. A. (2019). Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using what we already know to take action. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(4), 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040606 

A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities

Title:  PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities

Race is a strong hold of our society in which we live. Race and genetic make-up often determine how we view situations, and it creates a point for a sense of bias to become present (Silverman-Lloyd and Bishop, 2021). Racism exists in our society in various forms such as beliefs (spiritual rituals), discrimination (belief that all are not created equal) and prejudice (exemplified by those who cannot be racist). Studies have shown that race plays a vital component in economic development, and access to care.  Removing race as a risk factor in public health data collection would be detrimental to the communities that certain health conditions are more prevalent. This will create a greater gap of between disparities (William and Rucker, 2000). Not considering race as a risk factor would be unethical and immoral to the communities, and the people in which we.  Removing race as a risk factor would infringe on the seven principles of public health ethics:  maleficence, beneficence, health maximization efficiency, respect for autonomy justice and proportionality.  

Within the social structure of the society in which we live it has been proven through scientific studies that minorities, and economically disadvantage are not offered the same level or quality of healthcare. Structural and institutional racism determines how we live, what resources, and directly impacts the health of the nation. 

The Belmont Report elaborates on the ethical principles. It speaks on the key terms “Do no harm” which correlates with the seven principles of public health.  Policies related to healthcare initiatives advocate for human rights and non-racial distributions of resources. 

References:

Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). “The Belmont Report.” HHS.gov. June 16, 2021. Accessed June 14, 2022. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html.

Silverman-Lloyd, L. G., Bishop, N. S., & Cerdeña, J. P. (2021). Race is not a risk factor: Reframing discourse on racial health inequities in CVD prevention. American journal of preventive cardiology, 6, 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100185

Williams, D. R., & Rucker, T. D. (2000). Understanding and addressing racial disparities in health care. Health care financing review, 21(4), 75–90.

A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities

Title:  PUB 540 Topic 8 DQ 2 What structural and institutional factors in society contribute to racial health disparities

Unfortunately, race was one of the concepts created when United States were founded. I appreciate the opportunities and my ancestors before me that made a drastic difference in public health such as John Snow and Edward Jenner. Race itself is not a risk factor but due to institutional racism, it created a large gap of health disparities of people. For example, African-American schools get less funding than other schools. Certain areas that are mainly populated by blacks are considered low in property value. When the Tuskegee experiment happened in Alabama back in the 1932 to 1972, the goal was to study how syphilis reacted in the poor African-American male population. The government agency that funded the study wanted to compared the results to that of the Caucasian population. Hardeman et al. (2018) research study mentions that institutionalized racism play an important role of the various barriers of health equity. There is a lack of how institutionalized racism play a huge role in health outcomes of minority races. Truthfully, there will not be any policies that will dismantled racism because racism will never go away. Our society will gauge one another using race and socioeconomic status and class.

According to the Belmont report, there are three basic ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Our American society has failed to uphold these three ethical principles due to the Tuskegee experiment. Overall institutionalized racism does not care about ethical principles.

References:

Hardeman, R. R., Murphy, K. A., Karbeah, J., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2018). Naming Institutionalized Racism in the Public Health Literature: A Systematic Literature Review. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 133(3), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918760574