PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                         

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                       

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                       

After the introduction, move into the main part of the PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                       

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                         

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study Included After Question

Topic 7 DQ 1

Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study. Based on a disease or health condition identified from the “2020 LHI Topics” page on the Healthy People website (provided in the topic Resources) or an article from the GCU Library, discuss a real example of a cohort study (include the link to the article in your post to the forum). Include the participants, exposures or treatment groups, timeframe, and outcomes that were measured. Why is a cohort study described as an “observational” study rather than an “experimental” study design?

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

Title: PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

As discussed by Friis & Sellers (2020) a cohort study is an observational study that goes from cause to effect. It is a longitudinal study that follows a group of subjects over time. The exposure of a particular disease is known to be positive and how the effects of this positive exposure manifest are observed. There are two points of observation, before disease onset and then at a follow up. By doing this, a measure of effect that certain risk factors related to disease outcome. This is the best type of study for population-based studies because more measures of association can be evaluated. This is an observational study versus an experimental study because no intervention is included; the aim is to simply observe cause and effect in a certain group to determine the incidence of disease, mortality rates among this group, which then can serve as a flag for the need for more resources to prevent high numbers of untoward outcomes.

Hoepner et al., (2016) participated in a cohort study that looks at the association between bisphenol A and adiposity in the inner city. Prenatal mothers had their BPA concentrations measures (n =375), children aged 3 (n=408), and children 5 years (n=518). The children in age groups 3 and 5 had their urine spot tested. The children were followed up every 3 months and followed till they were 5 years of age, and then every 6 months until 7 years of age. The mothers were followed differently during their pregnancy. They wanted to see if there was an association between higher BPA concentration before birth and adiposity. There was a positive association that high prenatal concentrations of BPA were associated with adiposity by age 7.

References

Hoepner, L. A., Whyatt, R. M., Widen, E. M., Hassoun, A., Oberfeld, S. E., Mueller, N. T., Diaz, D., Calafat, A. M., Perera, F. P., & Rundle, A. G. (2016). Bisphenol A and Adiposity in an Inner-City Birth Cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(10), 1644–1650. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1289/EHP205

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. (2020). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

Title: PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

One of the most influential tools used in epidemiology is a cohort study.  According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports the exposure and those who are unexposed to the disease of interest and tracks the participants to determine if they contract the disease of interest.  In the words of Friis and Sellers cohort studies are observational, and longitudinal study that begins with people who have not been exposed but have a harmful outcome.

The 2020 KH Topic I choose to discuss the “Prospective Cohort Study of Mental Health During Imprisonment”.  The aim of the scientific study was to determine how early detention or imprisonment of individuals can affect one’s mental health.  This was accomplished by screening 3079 prisoners and examining their psychiatric symptoms ( Hassan, Harty, Jarrett, Jones, King, Lathlean, Lowthian, Mills, Thornicroft, Web,  2011). (DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080333).

Approximately 978 prisoners exhibited psychiatric symptoms as early as the first week of incarceration.  Those who remained in prison had follow-up interviews recorded at one and two. The results yielded data that depicted those psychiatric symptoms are prevalent during the first week of incarceration, but the presence tends to decline over a period. The overall study can be classified as observational because of the method used to collect data and type of data retrieved.

References:

Hassan L, Birmingham L, Harty MA, Jarrett M, Jones P, King C, Lathlean J, Lowthian C, Mills A, Senior J, Thornicroft G, Webb R, Shaw J. (2011). Prospective cohort study of mental health during imprisonment. Br J Psychiatry 198(1), 37-42. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080333

Setia M. S. (2016). Methodology Series Module 1: Cohort Studies. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.174011

A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

Title: PUB 540 Topic 7 DQ 1 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

According to Himmelfarb.gwu.edu (2019) cohort study is a design where one or more samples (called cohorts) are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with it.

The health condition I have identified is environmental quality. Healthypeople.gov (2022) discusses how the Air Quality Index (AQI) reports daily air quality from a value of 0 to 500, considers values greater than 100 to indicate unhealthy levels of air pollution. It was reported that between 2006–2008 and 2016-2018, potential exposure to unhealthy air quality (measured as the number of AQI-weighted people days) decreased 43%, from 7.603 to 4.296 billion, exceeding the HP2020 target (Healthypeople.gov, 2022).

The link to the article is https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators/2020-lhi-topics/Environmental-Quality/data

As stated on Healthypeople.gov (2022) between 2005–2008 and 2013-2016, exposure to secondhand smoke among children aged 3–11 years was conducted and it was discovered that there was a decrease of 27.0%, from 52.2% to 38.1%, exceeding the HP2020 target. In 2013-2016, several groups of children in specific demographic categories had the lowest rates of secondhand smoke exposure, including Asian children, those born outside the U.S., those with private health insurance, and those in families with incomes at 500% or more of the poverty threshold (Healthypeople.gov, 2022).

Friis & Sellers (2021) explain that a cohort study as an observational study design makes use of careful measurement of patterns of exposure and disease in populations to draw inferences about etiology while an experiment study design would be impractical and, in some instances, unethical.

References

Friis, R.H. & Sellers, T.A. (2021). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Burlington,

MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Healthypeople.gov (2022). Environmental Quality. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators/2020-lhi-topics/Environmental-Quality/data

Himmelfarb.gwu.edu (2019). Study Design 101. Retrieved from https://himmelfarb.gwu.edu/tutorials/studydesign101/cohorts.cfm#:~:text=Definition,factors)%20are%20associated%20with%20it.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.

Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.

One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.

I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.

In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.

Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).

Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).

Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.

I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

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Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.

As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.

It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.

Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.

Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?

Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.

Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.

If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.

I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.

As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:

Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.