PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation
Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation
After the introduction, move into the main part of the PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation Included After Question
Topic 3: Outbreak Investigation and Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Objectives:
1. Interpret an epidemic curve for an outbreak.
2. Determine criteria for an outbreak.
3. Propose control measures for an outbreak.
May 5, 2022 – May 11, 2022 Max Points: 150
Resources
Public Health Surveillance and Data
Explore Public Health Surveillance and Data page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/
2.2 Epidemic Theory
Read “2.2 Epidemic Theory,” by Webber, from Communicable Diseases: A Global Perspective (2020), located in Credo Reference in the GCU Library.
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ cabicd/2_2_epidemic_theory/0?institutionId=5865
Create an Epi Curve
Read “Create and Epi Curve,” located on the Quick-Learn Lesson page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
https://www.cdc.gov/training/QuickLearns/CreateEpi/
Focus on Field Epidemiology: Create an Epi Curve in Microsoft Excel
Read “Focus on Field Epidemiology: Create an Epi Curve in Microsoft Excel,” by North Carolina Center for Public Health Preparedness, located on the North Carolina Institute for Public Health website.
https://nciph.sph.unc.edu/focus/vol1/issue5/1-5EpiCurves_flash.pdf
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Social Distancing Interventions to Delay or Flatten the Epidemic Curve of Coronavirus Disease
Read “Evaluating the Effectiveness of Social Distancing Interventions to Delay or Flatten the Epidemic Curve of Coronavirus Disease,” by Matrajt and Leung, from Emerging Infectious Diseases (2020).
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=144704902&site=ehost- live&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profile=ehost
Control Principles and Methods
Read “Control Principles and Methods,” by Webber, from Communicable Diseases: A Global Perspective (2020),
located in Credo Reference in the GCU Library.
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cabicd/ control_principles_and_methods/0?institutionId=5865
Know How to Interpret an Epidemic Curve?
View “Know How to Interpret an Epidemic Curve?” by Global Health With Greg Martin (2017), located on the YouTube website.
How to Create an Epidemic Curve in an Excel Spreadsheet
Read “How to Create an Epidemic Curve in an Excel Spreadsheet,” by LaMorte, from Hepatitis in Sparta, located on the Boston University School of Public Health website.
http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/sparta/docs/AdviceonMakinganEpidemicCurve.htm
Epidemiology for Public Health Practice
Read Chapters 4 and 13 in Epidemiology for Public Health Practice.
Compendium of Acute Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases
Use the “Compendium of Acute Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases,” by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003), located on the CDC website, to assist in completing the Oswego Outbreak Case History assignment.
https://www.cdc.gov/eis/casestudies/xoswego.401.303.compendium.pdf
4.1 Investigation of an Outbreak
Read “4.1 Investigation of an Outbreak,” by Webber, from Communicable Diseases: A Global Perspective (2020), located in Credo Reference in the GCU Library.
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ cabicd/4_1_investigation_of_an_outbreak/0?institutionId=5865
Assessments
Oswego Outbreak Investigation
Start Date & Time Due Date & Time Points May 5, 2022, 12:00 AM May 11, 2022, 11:59 PM 120
A disease outbreak is the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area, or season. There are many ways a microorganism can contaminate food, such as coughing and sneezing by an infected individual, through undercooked food, or inadequate handwashing. The overall purpose of epidemiology consists of causation of a disease, the source, mode of transmission, individuals at risk of developing the disease, and what exposures(s) predispose to the disease.
Part I
Prior to starting this assignment, complete the following:
1. Watch “Know How to Interpret an Epidemic Curve?” video, located in the topic Resources.
2. Read the “Oswego Outbreak Investigation,” located in the topic Resources.
3. Complete the “Outbreak Investigation: Steps of an Investigation” form.
Part II
In a 750-1,000-word paper, evaluate the situation and present your findings. Include the following:
1. In reference to the “Oswego Outbreak Investigation,” review the epidemic curve that describes the time of onset of illness. What does this curve tell you regarding the average incubation period, source, and transmission?
2. Using the incubation range and clinical symptoms, identify potential infectious agents that could be responsible for the outbreak (refer to “Compendium of Acute Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases,” located in the topic Resources). Provide an explanation for your findings.
3. Why is this considered an outbreak? Discuss the criteria for why it is considered an outbreak.
4. Describe the steps required to investigate an outbreak and apply each step to the Oswego event. Include the relevant information needed for each step to be successful.
5. Discuss the possible routes of transmission for the expected agent.
6. Based on this information, what control measures would you recommend? State a control measure for each prevention level: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
7. Attach the completed “Outbreak Investigation: Steps of an Investigation” form as an appendix in your paper.
You are required to cite to a minimum of three sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and public health content.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assista.
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation
Title: PUB 540 Topic 3 Assignment: Oswego Outbreak Investigation
Oswego outbreak investigation on the outbreak of acute gastrointestinal illness at a church dinner in 1946. The investigation was carried out by the local health department and food and drug administration officials. Investigation revealed that a contaminated batch of oysters had caused the illness. It is believed that the oysters were served raw, and may have been contaminated by sewage or water from a nearby pumping station. There were 36 cases of acute gastroenteritis reported among those who attended the church dinner, 21 of whom required hospitalization (Burckhardt & Kissling, 2020). Although no deaths occurred as a result of this outbreak, there were a lot of serious health consequences for those who became ill. It is important to note that this type of outbreak could have been much worse had it not been for the swift and efficient response by local authorities. Lessons learned from this investigation can be used to prevent future outbreaks of food poisoning.
Question One
The graph/curve shows that the incubation period was approximately 3-7 hours. The estimation is based on the data that have been reported from the study. The incubation period refers to the time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms. It can vary depending on the pathogen, but typically ranges from a few days to weeks or even months (Oruko et al., 2019). Some pathogens, such as HIV, may have an incubation period that lasts for years. The investigation also shows that the sources of the outbreak was food eaten from the church supper, mainly vanilla ice cream. The mode of transmission was food borne; the contaminated water or ice used in drinks or for making ice cubes could have been transmitted from one person to the other.
Question Two
Using the incubation range and the clinical symptoms that have been identified, the causative agent of food poisoning could have been staphylococcus albus. Staphylococcus albus is a bacterium that can cause food poisoning. Symptoms of food poisoning caused by S. albus include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (Panisello et al., 2019). The bacteria can be killed by heating food to a temperature of 160 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. Properly cooked food is safe to eat. Staphylococcus albus is a causative agent in food poisoning. Foodborne illness caused by S. albus is a common and often preventable problem in the United States. In 2007, there were nearly 2 million cases of foodborne illness reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Of these, about 1 million were caused by S. albus. The most common routes of transmission for S. albus are through contaminated foods or water supplies, with close contact being the primary means.
Question Three
This is considered an outbreak because it meets the criteria for an event that constitutes an outbreak as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). There was a sudden increase of cases of a food borne diseases in one are (Copin et al., 2019). An outbreak is defined as “the occurrence of two or more cases of a specific disease in a given area, within a certain period of time, and among a group of people who are linked in some way.
Question 4
There are five steps to conducting a field investigation: first, there is the need to determine the outbreak of epidemic, secondly, there is the need for an investigator to confirm the diagnosis, third step involves establishing criteria for the case identification, the fourth step should involve searching missing cases, and finally, the researcher or an investigator should count the infected persons or individuals (Aygören-Pürsün et al., 2018). There is also the need for the investigator to consider orienting data according to the person place time, determine and classify the individuals who are at risk, analyze the data, and formulate the hypothesis. Other steps include testing, reporting, follow up, offering or educating individuals/victims involved, vaccinating or treating, and convalescing.
Question Five
Staphylococcus species are normally spread by direct contact through wound discharge, urinary or respirator infection, however in this instance it was not explicitly indicated on how these germs contaminated the vanilla ice cream used during the church dinner (Falomir et al., 2018). Besides, staphylococcus bacteria are transmitted through contact with an infected person or animal. The bacteria can be found on the skin and in the nose and throat of healthy people, but can cause infection if they get into a cut or wound. Contact with contaminated surfaces, objects, or clothing can also spread Staphylococcus bacteria. Touching your nose or mouth after touching something that’s been contaminated with the bacteria can also transmit the bacteria.
Question Six
Based on the research and data reported, the remaining ice cream from the dinner was condemned and this is a classic example of primary level prevention. Some other effective primary level prevention of Staphylococcus bacteria includes good hygiene practices and prompt treatment of wounds. Washing your hands regularly and thoroughly is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of germs. Prompt treatment of any wound – no matter how small – is also important in preventing the bacteria from spreading. If you think you may have a staph infection, see a doctor right away for proper treatment.
References
Aygören-Pürsün, E., Magerl, M., Maetzel, A., & Maurer, M. (2018). Epidemiology of Bradykinin-mediated angioedema: a systematic investigation of epidemiological studies. Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 13(1), 73. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13023-018-0815-5
Burckhardt, F., & Kissling, E. (2020). Training for Foodborne Outbreak Investigations by Using Structured Learning Experience. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(1), 162. 10.3201/eid2601.190755
Copin, R., Sause, W. E., Fulmer, Y., Balasubramanian, D., Dyzenhaus, S., Ahmed, J. M., … & Shopsin, B. (2019). Sequential evolution of virulence and resistance during clonal spread of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(5), 1745-1754. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814265116
Falomir, M. P., Jávega, A., Rico, H., & Gozalbo, D. (2018). Nasal Isolates of Comensal Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus species from healthy young adults in Valencia (Spain) and their resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Ann. Epidemiol. Public Health, 1, 1004. https://mail.meddocsonline.org/annals-of-epidemiology-and-public-health/nasal-isolates-of-commensal-Staphylococcus-aureus-and-non-aureus-species-from-healthy-young-adults-in-Valencia-Spain-and-their-resistance-to-chemotherapeutic-agents.pdf
Oruko, R. O., Odiyo, J. O., & Edokpayi, J. N. (2019). The role of leather microbes in human health. In Role of Microbes in Human Health and Diseases (pp. 243-371). Rijeka, Croatia: IntechOpen.
Panisello, P. J., Rooney, R., Quantick, P. C., & Stanwell-Smith, R. (2019). Application of foodborne disease outbreak data in the development and maintenance of HACCP systems. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 59(3), 221-234. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00376-7
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