NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Walden University NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders                     

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders                     

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders                     

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders                     

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders                     

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

The case study concerns a 60-year-old man with complaints of urinary frequency and incontinence that started after having chemo and radiotherapy three years ago to treat prostate cancer. The patient is more worried about his low back and hip pain that started roughly one month ago, which he thought was caused by lifting heavy boxes. Lab results show a normal urinalysis and CBC, and PSA of 7.2. The prostate is enlarged and nodular on DRE. The purpose of this assignment is to discuss prostatitis as it relates to the patient case.

Why prostatitis and infection happen and causes of a systemic reaction.

Prostatitis occurs due to inflammation of the prostate gland. Bacterial prostatitis mainly occurs with urethritis or a lower urinary tract infection (UTI). It is commonly caused by Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Group D streptococci, and Proteus (Pirola et al., 2019). The microbes reach the prostate through the urethra or bloodstream. The patient presents with symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis like urinary frequency and incontinence. This could have been caused by the inoculation of bacteria during therapy or microorganisms from a lower UTI spreading to the prostate (Pirola et al., 2019).

Furthermore, chronic prostatitis manifests with pain in and around the penis, testicles, anal area, lower abdomen, and lower back. It also presents with an enlarged or tender prostate on digital rectal examination (DRE). Therefore, the patient’s low back and hip pain, as well as findings of an enlarged, nodular prostate, can be pointed to chronic prostatitis. 

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a risk factor for prostatitis. The patient’s history of prostate cancer can be attributed to chronic bacterial prostatitis. The bacteria may have been inoculated to the prostate during the chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient has an elevated PSA level of 7.2 and an enlarged nodular prostate, which can be attributed to prostate cancer (McCance & Huether, 2019).

Local clinical manifestations of prostate cancer include lower urinary tract symptoms, hematuria, hematospermia, erectile dysfunction, and urinary retention. The patient’s urinary frequency and incontinence can further be attributed to the current prostate cancer.

The patient’s mild degenerative changes in the spine and cystic mass near the spine can be due to metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC). MSCC occurs when cancer cells spread from the prostate and grow in or near the spine, pressing on the spinal cord (Patnaik et al., 2020). A systemic reaction occurs in a patient with prostatitis when the causative organisms enter the circulation through the lymphatic or blood system and cause infection to other body organs. This results in systemic symptoms like fever, chills, malaise, tachycardia, tachypnea, and myalgia.

Conclusion

The patient has symptoms consistent with chronic bacterial prostatitis, like urinary frequency and incontinence. Chemotherapy may have caused prostatitis when pathogens are inoculated into the bladder. Besides, the patient has symptoms consistent with prostate cancer, like an enlarged, nodular prostate and elevated PSA levels. The degenerative changes and cystic mass near the spine are likely due to the spread of cancer cells from the prostate. A systemic reaction can occur when causative organisms migrate from the prostate to the circulation. 

References

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier

Patnaik, S., Turner, J., Inaparthy, P., & Kieffer, W. K. (2020). Metastatic spinal cord compression. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005), 81(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2019.0399

Pirola, G. M., Verdacchi, T., Rosadi, S., Annino, F., & De Angelis, M. (2019). Chronic prostatitis: current treatment options. Research and reports in urology, 11, 165–174. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRU.S194679

In this exercise, you will complete a 10- to 20-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.

Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:

• • Sexually transmitted diseases
  • Prostate
  • Epididymitis
  • Factors that affect fertility
  • Reproductive health
  • Alterations and fertility
  • Anemia
  • ITP and TTP
  • DIC
  • Thrombocytopeni

Photo Credit: Getty Images

Complete the Knowledge Check By Day 7 of Week 10

To complete this Knowledge Check:

Module 7 Knowledge Check

Week 10: Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Literature, cinema, and other cultural references have long examined differences between women and men. These observations extend well beyond obvious and even inconspicuous traits to include cultural, behavioral, and biological differences that can impact pathophysiological process and, ultimately, health.

Understanding these differences in traits and their impact on pathophysiology can better equip acute

care nurses to communicate to patients of both sexes. Furthermore, APRNs who are able to communicate these differences can better guide care to patients, whatever their gender.

This week, you examine fundamental concepts of women’s and men’s health disorders. You also explore common infections and hematologic disorders, and you apply the key terms and concepts that help communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span
• Analyze processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders
• Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
• Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)

Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

•  Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems (stop at Tests of reproductive function); Summary Review
• Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System (stop at Organ prolapse); pp. 787–788 (start at Impaired fertility) (stop at Disorders of the female breast); Summary Review
•  Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System (stop at Hormone levels); Summary Review
•  Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections, including Summary Review
•   Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematological System (stop at Clinical evaluation of the hematological system); Summary Review
• Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function, including Summary Review
• Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function, including Summary Review

Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481

Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3

Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5). Retrieved from http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/131/5/505?sso-checked=true

Credit Line: Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management by Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I., in Blood Journal, Vol. 131/Issue 5. Copyright 2019 by American Society of Hematology. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Hematology via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Document: NURS 6501 Final Exam Review (PDF document) 

 

Note: Use this document to help you as you review for your Final Exam in Week 11.

Required Media (click to expand/reduce)

Module 7 Overview with Dr. Tara Harris 

Dr. Tara Harris reviews the structure of Module 7 as well as the expectations for the module. Consider how you will manage your time as you review your media and Learning Resources throughout the module to prepare for your Knowledge Check and your Assignment. (3m)

Khan Academy. (2019a). Chronic disease vs iron deficiency anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease/v/chronic-disease-vs-iron-deficiency-anemia

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 5 minutes.

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 24, 26, 28, and 30 that relate to the reproductive and hematological systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/

	Scenario 1: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) A 29-year-old female presents to the clinic with a complaint of hirsutism and irregular menses. She describes irregular and infrequent menses (five or six per year) since menarche at 11 years of age. She began to develop dark, coarse facial hair when she was 13 years of age, but her parents did not seek treatment or medical opinion at that time. The symptoms worsened after she gained weight in college.  She got married 3 years ago and has been trying to get pregnant for the last 2 years without success. Height 66 inches and weight 198. BMI 32 kg.m2. Moderate hirsutism without virilization noted.  Laboratory data reveal CMP within normal limits (WNL), CBC with manual differential (WNL), TSH 0.9 IU/L SI units (normal 0.4-4.0 IU/L SI units), a total testosterone of 65 ng/dl (normal 2.4-47 ng/dl), and glycated hemoglobin level of 6.1% (normal value ≤5.6%). Based on this information, the APRN diagnoses the patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and refers her to the Women’s Health APRN for further workup and management. Question 1.     What is the pathogenesis of PCOS?
	Selected Answer: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) has an underlying genetic component that causes irregular ovulation, increased androgens, and ovaries with polycystic characteristics (McCance & Huether, 2019). Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance increase androgen secretion via the ovaries’ supportive structures and reduce sex-hormone-binding globulin (McCance & Huether, 2019). Elevated leptin levels act on the hypothalamus interfering with hormone production. Follicular growth and apoptosis alterations influence the absence of ovulation, creating inappropriate functioning of FSH and LH. Cortical thickening increases subcortical stroma, and hyperplasia occurs (McCance & Huether, 2019) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to release eggs regularly. other factors that may contribute to the development of PCOS include: ·Excess insulin. Insulin is the hormone produced in the pancreas that allows cells to use sugar, your body’s primary energy supply. If your cells become resistant to the action of insulin, then your blood sugar levels can rise, and your body might produce more insulin. Excess insulin might increase androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation. · ·         Low-grade inflammation. This term describes white blood cells’ production of substances to fight infection. Research has shown that women with PCOS have a type of low-grade inflammation that stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce androgens, leading to heart and blood vessel problems. · ·         Excess androgen. The ovaries produce abnormally high androgen levels, resulting in hirsutism and acne. Early diagnosis of PCOS and treatment and weight loss may reduce the risk of long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. · Complications of PCOS can include: Infertility, Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure, miscarriage or premature birth, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Metabolic syndrome including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, Sleep apnea, Depression, anxiety and eating disorders, Abnormal uterine bleeding, and cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer). It is important to note that these complications are more severe in overweight women. Correct Answer: The pathogenesis of PCOS has been linked to altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism. One theory maintains that underlying insulin resistance exacerbates hyperandrogenism by suppressing synthesis of sex hormone–binding globulin and increasing adrenal and ovarian synthesis of androgens, thereby increasing androgen levels. These androgens then lead to irregular menses and physical manifestations of hyperandrogenism. The hyperandrogenic state is a cardinal feature of PCOS but glucose intolerance/insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia often run parallel to and markedly aggravate the hyperandrogenic state, thus contributing to the severity of signs and symptoms of PCOS. Response Feedback: [None Given]

• Question 2

4 out of 4 points

	Scenario 1: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) A 29-year-old female presents to the clinic with a complaint of hirsutism and irregular menses. She describes irregular and infrequent menses (five or six per year) since menarche at 11 years of age. She began to develop dark, coarse facial hair when she was 13 years of age, but her parents did not seek treatment or medical opinion at that time. The symptoms worsened after she gained weight in college. She got married 3 years ago and has been trying to get pregnant for the last 2 years without success. Height 66 inches and weight 198. BMI 32 kg.m2.  Moderate hirsutism without virilization noted.  Laboratory data reveal CMP within normal limits (WNL), CBC with manual differential (WNL), TSH 0.9 IU/L SI units (normal 0.4-4.0 IU/L SI units), a total testosterone of 65 ng/dl (normal 2.4-47 ng/dl), and glycated hemoglobin level of 6.1% (normal value ≤5.6%). Based on this information, the APRN diagnoses the patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and refers her to the Women’s Health APRN for further workup and management. Question How does PCOS affect a woman’s fertility or infertility?
	Selected Answer: PCOS is the leading cause of infertility in women (McCance & Huether, 2019). Infertility results from alterations in androgen production, follicular disturbances, and an absence of ovulation. In other words, PCOS  negatively impacts fertility because women with the condition do not ovulate or release an egg each month due to an overproduction of estrogen by the ovaries. Correct Answer: Ovulation problems are usually the primary cause of infertility in women with PCOS. Ovulation may not occur due to an increase in testosterone production or © 2020 Walden University 2 because follicles on the ovaries do not mature. Due to unbalanced hormones, ovulation and menstruation can be irregular. A hyperandrogenic state is a cardinal feature in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Excessive androgens affect follicular growth, and insulin affects follicular decline by suppressing apoptosis and enabling follicle to persist. There is dysfunction in ovarian follicle development. Inappropriate gonadotropin secretion triggers the beginning of a vicious cycle that perpetuates anovulation Response Feedback: [None Given]

Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

The case study concerns a 60-year-old man with complaints of urinary frequency and incontinence that started after having chemo and radiotherapy three years ago to treat prostate cancer. The patient is more worried about his low back and hip pain that started roughly one month ago, which he thought was caused by lifting heavy boxes. Lab results show a normal urinalysis and CBC, and PSA of 7.2. The prostate is enlarged and nodular on DRE. The purpose of this assignment is to discuss prostatitis as it relates to the patient case.

Why prostatitis and infection happen and causes of a systemic reaction.

Prostatitis occurs due to inflammation of the prostate gland. Bacterial prostatitis mainly occurs with urethritis or a lower urinary tract infection (UTI). It is commonly caused by Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Group D streptococci, and Proteus (Pirola et al., 2019). The microbes reach the prostate through the urethra or bloodstream. The patient presents with symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis like urinary frequency and incontinence. This could have been caused by the inoculation of bacteria during therapy or microorganisms from a lower UTI spreading to the prostate (Pirola et al., 2019).

Furthermore, chronic prostatitis manifests with pain in and around the penis, testicles, anal area, lower abdomen, and lower back. It also presents with an enlarged or tender prostate on digital rectal examination (DRE). Therefore, the patient’s low back and hip pain, as well as findings of an enlarged, nodular prostate, can be pointed to chronic prostatitis. 

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a risk factor for prostatitis. The patient’s history of prostate cancer can be attributed to chronic bacterial prostatitis. The bacteria may have been inoculated to the prostate during the chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient has an elevated PSA level of 7.2 and an enlarged nodular prostate, which can be attributed to prostate cancer (McCance & Huether, 2019).

Local clinical manifestations of prostate cancer include lower urinary tract symptoms, hematuria, hematospermia, erectile dysfunction, and urinary retention. The patient’s urinary frequency and incontinence can further be attributed to the current prostate cancer.

The patient’s mild degenerative changes in the spine and cystic mass near the spine can be due to metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC). MSCC occurs when cancer cells spread from the prostate and grow in or near the spine, pressing on the spinal cord (Patnaik et al., 2020). A systemic reaction occurs in a patient with prostatitis when the causative organisms enter the circulation through the lymphatic or blood system and cause infection to other body organs. This results in systemic symptoms like fever, chills, malaise, tachycardia, tachypnea, and myalgia.

Conclusion

The patient has symptoms consistent with chronic bacterial prostatitis, like urinary frequency and incontinence. Chemotherapy may have caused prostatitis when pathogens are inoculated into the bladder. Besides, the patient has symptoms consistent with prostate cancer, like an enlarged, nodular prostate and elevated PSA levels. The degenerative changes and cystic mass near the spine are likely due to the spread of cancer cells from the prostate. A systemic reaction can occur when causative organisms migrate from the prostate to the circulation. 

References

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier

Patnaik, S., Turner, J., Inaparthy, P., & Kieffer, W. K. (2020). Metastatic spinal cord compression. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005), 81(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2019.0399

Pirola, G. M., Verdacchi, T., Rosadi, S., Annino, F., & De Angelis, M. (2019). Chronic prostatitis: current treatment options. Research and reports in urology, 11, 165–174. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRU.S194679

A global leading cause of death ranking in third place is pneumonia (Chou et al., 2019). In the case study for this week 9 we have a 68-year-old male that has been in the medical ward for 3 days and was admitted with community-acquired pneumonic (CAP). He has a past medical history (PMH) of hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

His current treatment consists of antibiotics that include azithromycin 500mg Intravenous (IV) every day and ceftriaxone 1g IV every day, both on day 3 of treatment. Although the client has shown improvement and has had decreased oxygen needs, he has a poor diet intake due to his nausea (N) and vomiting (V).

My plan of care would consist of obtaining a sputum and blood culture (BC) and consider his allergy to penicillin (PCN) with a delayed rash reported. I would continue ceftriaxone or azithromycin until sputum and BC results. Depending on his results possibly continuing with his antibiotics for a total of five days then re-evaluated on or before the seventh day. PCNs the ideal antibiotic because they are effective against a large range of bacteria and have a low risk of toxicity (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021).

I would add a regimen of  a Histmine2 receptor antagonist such as Famotidine to help prevent any possible stress ulcers which can be an added complication (Chou et al., 2019). It is also imperative to keep the client on a unit where his vital signs (VS) can be monitored closely as well as cardiac rhythm (telemetry) for any changes. I would have the client on IV antiemetics such as ondansetron (Zofran) 4mg IV every 6 hours as needed (PRN) to help alleviate his N/V and prevent aspiration pneumonia.

I would order IV fluids such as 0.9% normal saline (NS) at 100ml/hour initially and taper down depending on tolerance, daily weight, and client status to help prevent dehydration due to his N/V and help facilitate and or loosen the clients’ secretions and clear his airway when coughing.

While at the same time monitoring for risk of fluid overload and closely monitor his intake and output (I&O) and treat accordingly if output is less than 30ml/hour or dark in color as it would be an imperative factor and indicator of proper hydration (Chou et al., 2019). If N/V continue placing patient on nothing to eat or drink (NPO) orally until well controlled, then start him on a clear liquid diet and advance as tolerated.

I would also order daily chest x-rays to monitor for any changes as well as ordering morning labs such as arterial blood gases (ABG’s) to assess PaCO2 to maintain CO2 near 50mm hg for a patient with COPD and encourage client to use incentive spirometer (IS) and teach rational for its use. I would also order the following labs, complete blood count (CBC) and comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) to monitor the client’s overall health such as his red blood cell (RBC) count which are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

Including monitoring his white blood cell (WBC) count to monitor his infection and his CMP can monitor 14 different substances in the blood including his chemical balance and metabolism such as his electrolyte imbalances and replace them if needed.

Monitoring his glucose levels is also imperative as they will be affected due to medications like steroids, or any stress the body is going through increasing the risk of hypoglycemia due to N/V. Checking blood sugars before meals (AC) and at bedtime (HS). I would order for regular insulin sliding scale depending on what his blood sugars run is what would determine if the low dose, moderate or high/aggressive scale should be utilized and administered according to his accu check. This scale would change according to any sudden or drastic large increase or decrease per protocol.

There are four salts available for PCN G, they are benzathine penicillin; potassium penicillin; procaine penicillin; and sodium penicillin. They are different depending on their course of action and route. All of them are available in intramuscular (IM) route however are absorbed at different rates. They distribute well in the body fluids and most tissues depending on if there is any inflammation as affects can be altered. PCNs go through little metabolism and are eliminated unchanged by the kidneys (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021).

In addressing the client’s other health conditions, I would research his home medication list to see if he is on any antihypertensives for his HTN, anti-cholesterols for his hyperlipidemia, anti-diabetic for his diabetes and any respiratory or corticosteroids for his COPD and determine weather to continue or complete any adjustments.

If he is not on any medications, I would treat his diabetes as stated above for the mean time. Start him on a hypertension first-line pharmacologic treatment such as thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

As for the client’s hyperlipidemia I would prescribe a statin drug such as atorvastatin depending on his low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) level. If it is 130-149, 150-159 and great or equal to 160mg/dL I would dose in the following order depending on their LDL-C level; 10, 20 and 40mg by mouth (PO) at HS.

Although the patient has CAP, we must also treat his COPD. I would treat his treatment with his current supplemental oxygen and adjust according to his oxygen saturations and his ABG’s. If needed I would prescribe corticosteroids for his inflammation and breathing treatments as needed for difficulty breathing. As well as any needed cough medications (CDC, 2021). Continued encouragement of using his IS for lung exercises as well as encourage patient to get a pneumonia vaccine before discharge.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).(October 20, 2021). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). COPD: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Retrieved from COPD: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment (cdc.gov)

Chih-Chen Chou, Ching-Fen Shen, Su-Jung Chen, Hsien-Meng Chen, Yung-Chih Wang, Wei-Shuo Chang, Ya-Ting Chang, Wei-Yu Chen, Ching-Ying Huang, Ching-Chia Kuo, Ming-Chi Li, Jung-Fu Lin, Shih-Ping Lin, Shih-Wen Ting, Tzu-Chieh Weng, Ping-Sheng Wu, Un-In Wu, Pei-Chin Lin, Susan Shin-Jung Lee, … Meng-Chih Lin. (2019). Recommendations and guidelines for the treatment of pneumonia in Taiwan. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 52(1), 172–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2018.11.004

Rosenthal, L.D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutic for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2^nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.