Sample Answer for NURS 6052 Week 3 Assignment Evidence-Based Project, Part 1 Identifying Research Methodologies Included After Question

 

NURS 6052 Week 3 Assignment Evidence-Based Project, Part 1 Identifying Research Methodologies

NURS 6052 Week 3 Assignment Evidence-Based Project, Part 1 Identifying Research Methodologies

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Need for Psychological Assistance to Healthcare Professionals who deal with COVID 19 Patients.

Use this document to complete Part 2 of the Module 2 Assessment, Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: An Introduction to Clinical Inquiry and Part 2: Research Methodologies

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Full citation of selected article	Article #1	Article #2	Article #3	Article #4
	Alikhani, R., Salimi, A., Hormati, A., & Aminnejad, R. (2020). Mental health advice for frontline healthcare providers caring for patients with COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 67(8), 1068-1069.	Billings, J., Abou Seif, N., Hegarty, S., Ondruskova, T., Soulios, E., Bloomfield, M., & Greene, T. (2021). What support do frontline workers want? A qualitative study of health and social care workers’ experiences and views of psychosocial support during the COVID-19 pandemic. PloS one, 16(9), e0256454.	Chersich, M. F., Gray, G., Fairlie, L., Eichbaum, Q., Mayhew, S., Allwood, B., … & Rees, H. (2020). COVID-19 in Africa: care and protection for frontline healthcare workers. Globalization and health, 16, 1-6.	Nguyen, L. H., Drew, D. A., Joshi, A. D., Guo, C. G., Ma, W., Mehta, R. S., … & COPE Consortium. (2020). Risk of COVID-19 among frontline healthcare workers. MedRxiv.
Why you chose this article and/or how it relates to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest)	The healthcare teams have always been at the frontline of the battle against the coronavirus pandemic since it was reported as a global concern. The emphasis of standardized criteria has been on keeping these teams safe from infections and bodily injury. There is considerably less information to help Alikhani et al. (2020) safeguard their teams’ mental health. Operating under duress in a high-stress job is exhausting even when things are going well. I choose to review this article because patients and their healthcare professionals will benefit from interventions that reduce tiredness, burnout, especially medical errors. All healthcare personnel must collaborate for a better change.	I chose to incorporate this article since the importance of assisting frontline workers’ mental health has recently been recognized within the article. Unfortunately, there has been little study on effectively serving frontline professionals’ psychosocial needs—neither one according to their own experiences and perspectives on what may be most appropriate.	I chose to utilize this source because, while the medical personnel care for their COVID-19 patients, they experience emotional and physical fatigue, isolation from their families, stigma, and the grief of losing patients or their coworkers. The virus has infected many of them, and several have died as a result. There are severe deficiencies in response capability in Africa, where the disease is spreading, particularly human resources and personal protective gear. Due to global competition, Africa’s supply of protective gear is restricted (Chersich et al., 2020). Low-cost treatments like facemasks for coughing patients and proper handwashing equipment, as well as ‘physical distance’ in packed public healthcare facilities, might be difficult. COVID-19 deaths among healthcare workers in Africa can be significant if sufficient protection is not provided due to a lack of critical care units and problems transferring ill healthcare practitioners from villages to city treatment centers.	Over 40 million occurrences of COVID-19 have already been recorded worldwide as of 2020, with nearly 270,000 fatalities (Nguyen et al., 2020). The prevalence of this illness was anticipated to grow within the initial weeks due to continuous community infection from asymptomatic persons. The constant use of prescribed PPE is important to minimizing infection based on experience with other infections transmitted by respiratory secretions.
Brief description of the aims of the research of each peer-reviewed article	According to Alikhani et al. (2020), research under this topic would establish countrywide psychological support hotlines to aid healthcare practitioners during the pandemic. Evidence-based assessments and mental health therapies aimed at frontline medical practitioners, on the other hand, are in short supply (Alikhani et al., 2020). The goal of this research was to examine psychological wellbeing across health care professionals treating COVID-19 victims by assessing the severity of depression, anxiety, sleeplessness, and discomfort symptoms and identifying possible risk factors linked with some of these symptoms.	The sole goal of this research was to research the most effective intervention for health care workers (Billings et al., 2021). They set out to fill this study gap by systematically investigating the experiences and perspectives of UK frontline social and health care professionals on psychological assistance throughout the epidemic.	In an epidemic, African healthcare professional confront significant obstacles, and this was the main research aim. Chersich et al. (2020) offer ten high-priority actions in Africa to protect frontline health professionals. The epidemic in Africa, and its long-term effects on social security, economic prosperity, and safety, will be shaped by how successfully we preserve their physical and mental health as there are several objectives for the COVID-19 action on the region, Chersich et al. (2020) strongly encourage WHO, federal governments, the corporate sector, and also the general public to focus on health – care workers protection and psychological wellbeing.	Since data regarding frontline health professionals and risk of covid 19 infections are sparse and whether protective equipment lessens this hazard is uncertain. Nguyen et al. (2020) looked at the danger of COVID-19 among active Healthcare staff versus the general public and the impact of personal protective equipment. Healthcare practitioners on the front lines exhibited a considerably higher risk of infection. The risk was greatest among those who reused their gear or had insufficient access to protective protection equipment. Appropriate protective equipment supplies, on the other hand, did not entirely prevent high-risk exposures.
Brief description of the research methodology used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.	This study utilized a qualitative research method of data collection. Alikhani et al. (2020) seem to be more interested in qualitative research’s validity, applicability, and dependability than consistency. They engaged several researchers in the data collecting, coding, and analysis procedures to enhance the validity of their findings by questioning their preconceptions and uncovering potential ‘weak points’ that they could have had with relation to this issue. First, before the trial began, the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University’s clinical research and ethics committee gave its approval. Before being enrolled in the survey, every participant gave verbally informed permission.	The research employed the mixed method of data collection under its methodology. Frontline social and health care employees were purposefully recruited using social platforms and non – random sampling among healthcare colleagues. Participants who agreed to participate in the research were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol over the phone (Billings et al., 2021). The study team used the techniques of Reflexive Thematic Analysis to analyze the interview transcripts.	Here, a qualitative approach of data collection method was utilized. Studies were selected to provide data and analysis on the dangers of infection and psychological health that healthcare professionals experienced during the pandemic. Research also took place in a variety of settings (Chersich et al., 2020). Publications about the COVID-19 epidemic in Africa, in general, were also incorporated. Publications on infection prevention and control or psychological health in the pandemic were equally essential; therefore, they were included in this study.	Here, to conduct this research, quantitative research methods were used. This large prospective study was also conducted through using COVID 19 Symptom Research software, a smartphone app developed by Zoe Global Company limited in partnership with Massachusetts General Hospital as well as King’s College in London that provides participants with a directed interface to reveal a variety of benchmark demographic and comorbidity information, along with everyday information on prospective symptoms.
A brief description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.	The strength of the qualitative research methodology employed has many implications. This qualitative research included reflexivity, which allows readers to assess the validity of the findings by learning more about the research team that created them (Alikhani et al., 2020). This team is comprised of a varied collection of researchers from various career phases, clinical specialties, genders, and a variety of backgrounds. Therefore, the ethical standards in the research methodology were upheld to the latter.	According to the findings of this research, frontline social and health care professionals are likely to require a flexible social support system that includes peer, organizational, and professional assistance. Therefore, this demonstrates that the research methodology was adhered to and the most appropriate data was collected. More study is needed to completely understand the structural, institutional, and individual obstacles to receiving psychological help (Billings et al., 2021). It is necessary to increase collaboration, engagement, and co-production of support programs and their assessment.	One of the important strengths of the research methodology in this article is that appropriate measures inside health institutions can reduce the risk of infection among healthcare workers. This mostly entails using safety equipment, such as gowns, gloves, masks, and eyewear. Careful wearing and personal protective equipment are still crucial defenses, but they need extensive training and supervision.	The app was released in the United Kingdom in March 2020 and then in the United States in March 2020 (Nguyen et al., 2020). Participants were found through social media network outreach and invite to study volunteers from the researchers of long-running prospective studies. Participants gave informed permission to use aggregated data for research purposes and approved the privacy policy and use requirements at the time of enrolment (Nguyen et al., 2020). The London Ethics Committee approved this observational study.
General Notes/Comments	There is considerably less information to help Alikhani et al. (2020) safeguard their teams’ mental health.	In this article, the COVID-19 virus has had a major impact on frontline social and health care professionals’ psychological health and overall wellbeing.	Authors in this article encountered these issues and made recommendations on how to protect health professionals from emotional and physical fatigue, isolation from their families, stigma, and the grief of losing patients or their coworkers.	Because there is limited data on frontline health personnel and COVID 19 infections, it is unclear if protective equipment can reduce the risk.

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A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6052 Week 3 Assignment Evidence-Based Project, Part 1 Identifying Research Methodologies

Title: NURS 6052 Week 3 Assignment Evidence-Based Project, Part 1 Identifying Research Methodologies

Matrix Worksheet Template

 

Use this document to complete Part 2 of the Module 2 Assessment, Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: An Introduction to Clinical Inquiry and Part 2: Research Methodologies

There are different clinical issues facing healthcare today. There are different research processes that have been done to enable healthcare professionals to understand these issues and identify new or various strategies on how to solve them. One of the main clinical issues that is experienced in the healthcare today is medication errors.

Full citation of selected article	Article #1	Article #2	Article #3	Article #4
	Salmasi, S., Wimmer, B.C., Khan, T. M., Patel, R.P., & Ming, L.C. (2018). Quantitative Exploration of Medication errors among older people: a systematic review. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives, 34(3), 129-137.  doi: 10.1007/s40267-017-0468-9.	Jember, A., Hailu, M., Messele, A., Demeke, T., Hassen, M. (2018). Proportion of Medication Error Reporting and Associated Factors among Nurses: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC nursing, 17(1), 9. DOI: 10.1186/s12912-018-0280-4	Salar, A., F., & Rezaee, N. (2020). Preventing the Medication Errors in Hospitals: A qualitative Study. International Journal of African Nursing Sciences, 13, 100235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100235	Alomari, A., Sheppard-Law, S., Lewis, J., & Wilson, V. (2020). Effectiveness of Clinical Nurse’s Interventions in Reducing Medication Errors in the Pediatric Ward. Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15374
Why you chose this article and/or how it relates to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest)	The above article presents an elaborate research process on the medication errors often encountered in the healthcare processes. In other words, the article was chosen because it provides a comprehensive analysis of the medication errors, causes and the approaches that can be applied to remedy the situation. Confidentiality of information is one of the ethical approach that was applied in the above research process.	The information contained in the article provides ideal information on clinical issue under the study. In other words, it is associated with the medication error reporting. The choice of this article was considered because a lot of information concerning the clinical issue under consideration can be drawn from it.	The article was chosen because it contains elaborate information about the prevention of medication errors arising from different situations. It also consists of a well-researched information on the possible causes of medication errors in different clinical processes. This information is useful when it comes to understanding of the clinical issue under consideration.	The article was chosen because it contains elaborate information concerning the roles of nurses or the effectiveness of nurse’s interventions in reducing medication errors in the course of treatment. The article incorporates confidentiality of the information in the course of the research to enhance ethical consideration in the research processes.
Brief description of the aims of the research of each peer-reviewed article	The main objective of the research was to systematically analyze or review studies on the cases or categories of medication errors among the older generation. The secondary objective was to analyze the clinical and economic consequences of the medication errors in older people as well as the medications involved.	The main objective or purpose of the article is to establish the proportion of medication error reporting as well as the associated factors among nurses in different healthcare institutions.	The main objective of the qualitative research article is to establish measures that can be used to prevent medication errors in different healthcare processes.	The objective of the research is to evaluate the interventions that have been developed and implemented by the nurses to reduce medication error rates and enhance nurse’s medication administration practices.
Brief description of the research methodology used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.	The method used in the research process was quantitative. The data was obtained from the databases and different statistical analyses were performed to ensure accurate outcomes. Descriptive statistics was used to show some of the attributes of the variable used. Also, the systematic sampling process used showed that the study was quantitative. The survey method is one of the methodologies that have been applied in the research process.	The research paper is a quantitative cross sectional study. The researchers attempt to measure the outcomes versus the exposure. Stratified sampling method was also used to identify the study respondents.	Qualitative research methodology was used in the research process to establish the information required on the preventive measures that can be undertaken to reduce medication errors in the process of treatments.	Quantitative research methodology was used in the investigation processes. There was the collection and analysis of data from the healthcare settings. Specifically, this was an Action Research (AR), a three‐phase quantitative study.
A brief description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.	One of the strengths of the survey methodology was the accuracy of the information being obtained for the research processes. The methodology applied enhanced validity and reliability of the research process. In most cases, survey approaches are important when a researcher wants to ensure reliability, validity, and applicability of the research processes.	The strength of the quantitative cross-sectional study is based on the ability to apply mixed methods to establish valid and reliable statistical outcomes in the process of data analysis. The reliability and validity were applied to enhance the accuracy and confidence in the research outcomes.	The strength of the research methodology used relies on the ability to establish a well-researched information concerning the medication errors. The approaches used are reliable and valid when it comes to the establishment of effective preventive measures for the medication errors.	The strength in the methodology applied depends on the application of the primary data to enhance the understanding of the interventions that have been developed and implemented by the nurses to reduce medication error rates.
General Notes/Comments	The quantitative research article provides ideal information that is needed to understand the problems associated with the medication errors. Also, the approaches used in the article are important in ensuring validity and reliability of the research processes.	The research article provides effective outcomes when it comes to the understanding of the medication errors in different healthcare settings.	The qualitative research article provides ideal measures that can be followed to prevent or reduce medication errors in the course of treatment. The information provided is ideal in enhancing the understanding of the approaches that can be undertaken to significantly reduce medication errors in the healthcare processes.	The methodology applied in the article leads to the provisions of reliable and valid information required in the understanding of the interventions that have been developed and implemented by the nurses to reduce medication error rates.

References

Alomari, A., Sheppard-Law, S., Lewis, J., & Wilson, V. (2020). Effectiveness of Clinical Nurse’s Interventions in Reducing Medication Errors in the Pediatric Ward. Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15374

Jember, A., Hailu, M., Messele, A., Demeke, T., Hassen, M. (2018). Proportion of Medication Error Reporting and Associated Factors among Nurses: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC nursing, 17(1), 9. DOI: 10.1186/s12912-018-0280-4

Salar, A., F., & Rezaee, N. (2020). Preventing the Medication Errors in Hospitals: A qualitative Study. International Journal of African Nursing Sciences, 13, 100235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100235

Salmasi, S., Wimmer, B.C., Khan, T. M., Patel, R.P., & Ming, L.C. (2018). Quantitative Exploration of Medication errors among older people: a systematic review. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives, 34(3), 129-137.  doi: 10.1007/s40267-017-0468-9.

 

Matrix Worksheet Template

Need for Psychological Assistance to Healthcare Professionals who deal with COVID 19 Patients.

Use this document to complete Part 2 of the Module 2 Assessment, Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: An Introduction to Clinical Inquiry and Part 2: Research Methodologies

Full citation of selected article	Article #1	Article #2	Article #3	Article #4
	Alikhani, R., Salimi, A., Hormati, A., & Aminnejad, R. (2020). Mental health advice for frontline healthcare providers caring for patients with COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 67(8), 1068-1069.	Billings, J., Abou Seif, N., Hegarty, S., Ondruskova, T., Soulios, E., Bloomfield, M., & Greene, T. (2021). What support do frontline workers want? A qualitative study of health and social care workers’ experiences and views of psychosocial support during the COVID-19 pandemic. PloS one, 16(9), e0256454.	Chersich, M. F., Gray, G., Fairlie, L., Eichbaum, Q., Mayhew, S., Allwood, B., … & Rees, H. (2020). COVID-19 in Africa: care and protection for frontline healthcare workers. Globalization and health, 16, 1-6.	Nguyen, L. H., Drew, D. A., Joshi, A. D., Guo, C. G., Ma, W., Mehta, R. S., … & COPE Consortium. (2020). Risk of COVID-19 among frontline healthcare workers. MedRxiv.
Why you chose this article and/or how it relates to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest)	The healthcare teams have always been at the frontline of the battle against the coronavirus pandemic since it was reported as a global concern. The emphasis of standardized criteria has been on keeping these teams safe from infections and bodily injury. There is considerably less information to help Alikhani et al. (2020) safeguard their teams’ mental health. Operating under duress in a high-stress job is exhausting even when things are going well. I choose to review this article because patients and their healthcare professionals will benefit from interventions that reduce tiredness, burnout, especially medical errors. All healthcare personnel must collaborate for a better change.	I chose to incorporate this article since the importance of assisting frontline workers’ mental health has recently been recognized within the article. Unfortunately, there has been little study on effectively serving frontline professionals’ psychosocial needs—neither one according to their own experiences and perspectives on what may be most appropriate.	I chose to utilize this source because, while the medical personnel care for their COVID-19 patients, they experience emotional and physical fatigue, isolation from their families, stigma, and the grief of losing patients or their coworkers. The virus has infected many of them, and several have died as a result. There are severe deficiencies in response capability in Africa, where the disease is spreading, particularly human resources and personal protective gear. Due to global competition, Africa’s supply of protective gear is restricted (Chersich et al., 2020). Low-cost treatments like facemasks for coughing patients and proper handwashing equipment, as well as ‘physical distance’ in packed public healthcare facilities, might be difficult. COVID-19 deaths among healthcare workers in Africa can be significant if sufficient protection is not provided due to a lack of critical care units and problems transferring ill healthcare practitioners from villages to city treatment centers.	Over 40 million occurrences of COVID-19 have already been recorded worldwide as of 2020, with nearly 270,000 fatalities (Nguyen et al., 2020). The prevalence of this illness was anticipated to grow within the initial weeks due to continuous community infection from asymptomatic persons. The constant use of prescribed PPE is important to minimizing infection based on experience with other infections transmitted by respiratory secretions.
Brief description of the aims of the research of each peer-reviewed article	According to Alikhani et al. (2020), research under this topic would establish countrywide psychological support hotlines to aid healthcare practitioners during the pandemic. Evidence-based assessments and mental health therapies aimed at frontline medical practitioners, on the other hand, are in short supply (Alikhani et al., 2020). The goal of this research was to examine psychological wellbeing across health care professionals treating COVID-19 victims by assessing the severity of depression, anxiety, sleeplessness, and discomfort symptoms and identifying possible risk factors linked with some of these symptoms.	The sole goal of this research was to research the most effective intervention for health care workers (Billings et al., 2021). They set out to fill this study gap by systematically investigating the experiences and perspectives of UK frontline social and health care professionals on psychological assistance throughout the epidemic.	In an epidemic, African healthcare professional confront significant obstacles, and this was the main research aim. Chersich et al. (2020) offer ten high-priority actions in Africa to protect frontline health professionals. The epidemic in Africa, and its long-term effects on social security, economic prosperity, and safety, will be shaped by how successfully we preserve their physical and mental health as there are several objectives for the COVID-19 action on the region, Chersich et al. (2020) strongly encourage WHO, federal governments, the corporate sector, and also the general public to focus on health – care workers protection and psychological wellbeing.	Since data regarding frontline health professionals and risk of covid 19 infections are sparse and whether protective equipment lessens this hazard is uncertain. Nguyen et al. (2020) looked at the danger of COVID-19 among active Healthcare staff versus the general public and the impact of personal protective equipment. Healthcare practitioners on the front lines exhibited a considerably higher risk of infection. The risk was greatest among those who reused their gear or had insufficient access to protective protection equipment. Appropriate protective equipment supplies, on the other hand, did not entirely prevent high-risk exposures.
Brief description of the research methodology used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.	This study utilized a qualitative research method of data collection. Alikhani et al. (2020) seem to be more interested in qualitative research’s validity, applicability, and dependability than consistency. They engaged several researchers in the data collecting, coding, and analysis procedures to enhance the validity of their findings by questioning their preconceptions and uncovering potential ‘weak points’ that they could have had with relation to this issue. First, before the trial began, the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University’s clinical research and ethics committee gave its approval. Before being enrolled in the survey, every participant gave verbally informed permission.	The research employed the mixed method of data collection under its methodology. Frontline social and health care employees were purposefully recruited using social platforms and non – random sampling among healthcare colleagues. Participants who agreed to participate in the research were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol over the phone (Billings et al., 2021). The study team used the techniques of Reflexive Thematic Analysis to analyze the interview transcripts.	Here, a qualitative approach of data collection method was utilized. Studies were selected to provide data and analysis on the dangers of infection and psychological health that healthcare professionals experienced during the pandemic. Research also took place in a variety of settings (Chersich et al., 2020). Publications about the COVID-19 epidemic in Africa, in general, were also incorporated. Publications on infection prevention and control or psychological health in the pandemic were equally essential; therefore, they were included in this study.	Here, to conduct this research, quantitative research methods were used. This large prospective study was also conducted through using COVID 19 Symptom Research software, a smartphone app developed by Zoe Global Company limited in partnership with Massachusetts General Hospital as well as King’s College in London that provides participants with a directed interface to reveal a variety of benchmark demographic and comorbidity information, along with everyday information on prospective symptoms.
A brief description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.	The strength of the qualitative research methodology employed has many implications. This qualitative research included reflexivity, which allows readers to assess the validity of the findings by learning more about the research team that created them (Alikhani et al., 2020). This team is comprised of a varied collection of researchers from various career phases, clinical specialties, genders, and a variety of backgrounds. Therefore, the ethical standards in the research methodology were upheld to the latter.	According to the findings of this research, frontline social and health care professionals are likely to require a flexible social support system that includes peer, organizational, and professional assistance. Therefore, this demonstrates that the research methodology was adhered to and the most appropriate data was collected. More study is needed to completely understand the structural, institutional, and individual obstacles to receiving psychological help (Billings et al., 2021). It is necessary to increase collaboration, engagement, and co-production of support programs and their assessment.	One of the important strengths of the research methodology in this article is that appropriate measures inside health institutions can reduce the risk of infection among healthcare workers. This mostly entails using safety equipment, such as gowns, gloves, masks, and eyewear. Careful wearing and personal protective equipment are still crucial defenses, but they need extensive training and supervision.	The app was released in the United Kingdom in March 2020 and then in the United States in March 2020 (Nguyen et al., 2020). Participants were found through social media network outreach and invite to study volunteers from the researchers of long-running prospective studies. Participants gave informed permission to use aggregated data for research purposes and approved the privacy policy and use requirements at the time of enrolment (Nguyen et al., 2020). The London Ethics Committee approved this observational study.
General Notes/Comments	There is considerably less information to help Alikhani et al. (2020) safeguard their teams’ mental health.	In this article, the COVID-19 virus has had a major impact on frontline social and health care professionals’ psychological health and overall wellbeing.	Authors in this article encountered these issues and made recommendations on how to protect health professionals from emotional and physical fatigue, isolation from their families, stigma, and the grief of losing patients or their coworkers.	Because there is limited data on frontline health personnel and COVID 19 infections, it is unclear if protective equipment can reduce the risk.

Use this document to complete Part 1 of the Module 2 Assessment, Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: Identifying Research Methodologies

A central line bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is a laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection not connected to an infection at another site that occurs within 48 hours of a central line placement. It is associated with poor health outcomes, high morbidity and mortality rates, and high healthcare costs for patients and the healthcare system. Most CLABSI cases are preventable with appropriate aseptic techniques, surveillance, and management strategies. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze peer-reviewed articles related to CLABSI. 

Full citation of selected article	Article #1	Article #2	Article #3	Article #4
	Elliott, J., Hatch, D., Yang, Q., & Granger, B. B. (2021). Results of the CHlorhexidine Gluconate Bathing implementation intervention to improve evidence-based nursing practices for prevention of central line associated bloodstream infections Study (CHanGing BathS): a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial. Implementation science : IS, 16(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-021-01112-4	Acharya, R., Bedanta Mishra, S., Ipsita, S., & Azim, A. (2019). Impact of Nursing Education on CLABSI Rates: An Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India. Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 23(7), 316–319. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23205	Mohapatra, S., Kapil, A., Suri, A., Pandia, M. P., Bhatia, R., Borkar, S., Dube, S. K., Jagdevan, A., George, S., Varghese, B., & Dabral, J. (2020). Impact of Continuous Education and Training in Reduction of Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection in Neurointensive Care Unit. Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 24(6), 414–417. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23455	Goldman, J., Rotteau, L., Shojania, K. G., Baker, G. R., Rowland, P., Christianson, M. K., Vogus, T. J., Cameron, C., & Coffey, M. (2021). Implementation of a central-line bundle: a qualitative study of three clinical units. Implementation science communications, 2(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-021-00204-y
Why you chose this article and/or how it relates to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest)	The article was selected because it is concerned with identifying approaches that can prevent CLABSI and the adoption of these interventions among nurses.It relates to the clinical issue because it provides evidence-based data on interventions that can be employed to lower CLABSI rates in hospitals.The study was reviewed by the Duke University and WakeMed’s Institutional Review Boards and established to be exempt.	The article was selected because it assesses the effectiveness of educational program for nurses and how educating nurses can reduce CLABSI rates. It relates to the clinical issue because it adds to literature on interventions that can be employed to lower CLABSI rates in hospitals.All participants gave their informed consent.	The article was selected because it identifies education as an important aspect of the hospital infection control that improves infection-control practices.The study supports that continuous education interventions on hand hygiene with and training on the catheter hub care are the two most crucial preventive measures in reducing CLABSI incidence.Ethical permission for the study was not needed since it was part of routine continuing surveillance activity.	I selected this article because it gives insight on the impact of socio-cultural factors in CLABSI bundle implementation.This relates to the clinical issue since socio-cultural factors could be causing high CLABSI rates or hindering the implementation of preventive strategies. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Boards at the hospital where the research was conducted.
Brief description of the aims of the research of each peer-reviewed article	The aim of the study was to examine the effect of a tailored, multifaceted implementation program on nursing staff’s compliance with the chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing process and EHR documentation in critically ill patients. It also sought to assess the intervention’s impact on nursing staff’s knowledge and perceptions of CHG bathing, and the effect of the intervention on CLABSI rates.	The study carried out an education based program on hand hygiene with a pre- and post evaluation to evaluate the effect of the educational intervention in promoting performance improvement among the nurses.	The aim of the study was to assess the impact of continuous teaching and training on strict adherence of the bundle care, particularly the compliance of hand hygiene and the care of central-line catheter hub for the prevention of CLABSI among patients in neurocritical ICUs.	The aim of the study was to assess how socio-cultural factors influencing bundle implementation and practices in three clinical units in a pediatric hospital were identified and addressed by leaders of the safety program.
Brief description of the research methodology used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.	The researchers utilized a stepped wedged cluster-randomized design. Quantitative methods were used to evaluate assess the effect of utilizing a tailored implementation strategies program on nursing staff compliance with daily CHG bathing processes.	The study employed a quantitative quasi-experimental study with respect to education of nursing staff to decrease the incidence of CLABSI.A pretest and post test design was employed to measure nurses’ knowledge on the infection prevention and control practices of central catheter care.	The study applied a quantitative prospective observational study in the NICU over two years from January 2017 to December 2018.	The researchers conducted a qualitative study of the implementation of a hospital-wide safety program
A brief description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.	The strength of a randomized control trial lies in its excellent internal validity.The study’s methodology is reliable since it produced results consistent with other studies that have established daily CHG bathing as effective in reducing patients’ risk of infections.The methodology is valid since it adequately evaluated the impact of the implementation program on nursing staff compliance and CLABSI rates.	The methodology is reliable since it produced consistent results with previous studies that show that educating nurses on hand hygiene lower the rates of CLABSI. The methodology passed the validity criterion since it measures what it was supposed to, that is, the impact of a nurses’ educational intervention in reducing CLABSI.	The research methodology is reliable since it the results are consistent with other studies that have established that hand hygiene and catheter hub care reduce CLASI rate.The methodology’s validity is apparent since it actually evaluates if a quality improvement initiative on hand hygiene reduces CLABSI rate.	The methodology is reliable since it produced results consistent with previous studies that socio-cultural factors play a major role in CLABSI bundle implementation.Its validity is evident since it sufficiently identified socio-cultural factors related to bundle compliance in CLABSI prevention.
General Notes/Comments	Adoption of evidence-based CHG bathing practices can be used to lower the cases of CLABSI in healthcare facilities.Education programs for nurses and providing feedback on implementation is an effective way of promoting adoption and compliance of this practices.	CLABSI rates can be alleviated by enhancing compliance with the basic steps of hand hygiene. Although educating and implementing hand hygiene is easy, sustaining it over time is a challenge and requires regular training and motivation for healthcare providers.	Adherence of healthcare providers to hand hygiene practices and catheter hub care alongside continuous teaching, training, and supervision is highly effective in reducing the CLABSI rate.	Difficult to change socio-cultural factors can hinder the sustainability of interventions to reduce CLABSI and are a barrier to further improvements.

Conclusion

The above articles examined the impact of interventions aimed at preventing CLABSI like hand hygiene and catheter hub care. The impact of nurses’ education programs on implementing the hand hygiene and catheter hub care was also examined. The study findings show that these interventions are highly effective in lowering CLABSI rates. However, one of the articles demonstrates that socio-cultural factors can hinder their implementation. The articles highlight evidence-based interventions that can be applied in a quality improvement initiative on reducing CLABSI rates in a healthcare facility.

References

Acharya, R., Bedanta Mishra, S., Ipsita, S., & Azim, A. (2019). Impact of Nursing Education on CLABSI Rates: An Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India. Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 23(7), 316–319. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23205

Elliott, J., Hatch, D., Yang, Q., & Granger, B. B. (2021). Results of the CHlorhexidine Gluconate Bathing implementation intervention to improve evidence-based nursing practices for prevention of central line associated bloodstream infections Study (CHanGing BathS): a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial. Implementation science : IS, 16(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-021-01112-4

Goldman, J., Rotteau, L., Shojania, K. G., Baker, G. R., Rowland, P., Christianson, M. K., Vogus, T. J., Cameron, C., & Coffey, M. (2021). Implementation of a central-line bundle: a qualitative study of three clinical units. Implementation science communications, 2(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-021-00204-y

Mohapatra, S., Kapil, A., Suri, A., Pandia, M. P., Bhatia, R., Borkar, S., Dube, S. K., Jagdevan, A., George, S., Varghese, B., & Dabral, J. (2020). Impact of Continuous Education and Training in Reduction of Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection in Neurointensive Care Unit. Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 24(6), 414–417. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23455

Clinical issues have profound impacts on health care providers and patients, given that they pose a significant risk to the quality of care, patient safety, and nursing staff’s wellbeing. Workplace incivility, characterized by discourteous and disrespectful actions, is typical in the nursing practice. It is among the issues that adversely affect nurses’ confidence and interprofessional collaboration. Anxiety is also high in workplaces where nursing incivility is not effectively controlled, fueling burnout and turnover (Shi et al., 2018). Effective control of nursing incivility is vital to optimizing care quality and patient safety. Since interventions should be evidence-based, it is crucial to search for evidence from credible research as summarized in the matrix worksheet.

Full citation of selected article	Article #1	Article #2	Article #3	Article #4
	Kile, D., Eaton, M., deValpine, M., & Gilbert, R. (2019). The effectiveness of education and cognitive rehearsal in managing nurse‐to‐nurse incivility: A pilot study. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(3), 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12709	Abdollahzadeh, F., Asghari, E., Ebrahimi, H., Rahmani, A., & Vahidi, M. (2017). How to prevent workplace incivility?: Nurses’ perspective. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 22(2), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.205966	Armstrong, N. (2018). Management of nursing workplace incivility in the health care settings: A systematic review. Workplace Health & Safety, 66(8), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2165079918771106	Shi, Y., Guo, H., Zhang, S., Xie, F., Wang, J., Sun, Z., … & Fan, L. (2018). Impact of workplace incivility against new nurses on job burn-out: A cross-sectional study in China. BMJ Open, 8(4), e020461. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-020461
Why you chose this article and/or how it relates to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest)	It is a comprehensive article exploring the importance of enhanced awareness through educational programs in reducing nurse-to-nurse incivility. The article explains how cognitive rehearsal techniques can help nurses to cope with incivility. Al-Ghabeesh and Qattom (2018) also supported the role of cognitive rehearsal in helping nurses to cope with workplace problems since it prepares them mentally to cope with stressing situations. Regarding ethics, participation was voluntary and participants’ information treated anonymously.	The article depicts workplace incivility as a disturbing phenomenon, detrimental to clinicians’ health and care delivered. Due to incivility’s psychological and somatic effects, the article investigates how it can be managed from a nurse’s perspective. Concerning research ethics, informed consent was observed to ensure that nurses participated willingly. Nurses were also allowed to withdraw willingly without getting penalized in any way.	The article was chosen since it shows the severity of workplace incivility among nurses and proposes evidence-based interventions. According to Armstrong (2018), incivility has a destructive effect as a cause of emotional upset among nurses, to the extent of risking patient care. This observation coincides with Alshehry et al. (2021) finding that workplace incivility increases the occurrence of unsafe medication administration practices. On ethics, Armstrong (2018) avoided search biases by summarizing data from different databases.	The article is an in-depth exploration of the implications of workplace incivility in health practice. It describes how workplace incivility is correlated with anxiety and job burn-out among nurses, necessitating evidence-based interventions. Regarding ethics of research, consent and anonymity are critical. Participants consented to participate in the survey and information provided was treated anonymously.
Brief description of the aims of the research of each peer-reviewed article	The aim of the research was to help nurses to recognize incivility and reduce its impacts by confronting it through cognitive rehearsal techniques. The ability to confront incivility would improve job satisfaction.	Abdollahzadeh et al. (2017) suggested that many articles have investigated the effects of workplace incivility without proposing practical interventions. In response, the article’s primary aim is to determine how workplace incivility can be prevented in health care settings from a nurses’ perspective.	Guided by the premise that workplace incivility should be effectively controlled, the study critiques and summarized evidence that can help nursing staff to manage workplace incivility. It focused on the practical interventions that can be applied universally as nurses overcome this chronic problem.	The article’s primary aim was to investigate the impacts of workplace incivility on new nursing staff. It further examined the role that resilience plays in moderating incivility-job burn-out connection.
Brief description of the research methodology used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.	Kile et al. (2019) conducted a mixed method, pilot study. Data before and after nurses received cognitive rehearsal training were obtained via surveys for comparative analysis.	Data was collected via interviews. Researchers used the qualitative descriptive study design. Thus, the article is qualitative research.	The study is a systematic review of current and relevant evidence on workplace incivility. Ten studies were reviewed, implying that it is a quantitative study.	The study was a cross-sectional online survey. Participants (903 registered nurses) completed online questionnaires in May of 2016 in China. Hence, it was a quantitative research.
A brief description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.	The key strength of a mixed method approach to research is enhancing the understanding of quantitative and qualitative results’ contradictions. Regarding validity and reliability, researchers use various methods to gather information in mixed methods studies (Schoonenboom & Johnson, 2017). These methods supplement each other making the data more valid and reliable.	Generally, qualitative research allows issues to be examined in-depth. Interviews also allow researchers to ask specific questions that can be redirected as situations oblige (Thorsteinson, 2018). Regarding reliability and validity, interviews allowed one-on-one correspondence and the interview questions were designed in a way that all the participants answered the same questions despite difference locations.	A key strength of systematic reviews is getting a quick answer about a particular clinical issue from previous studies. In this case, information is readily available. Systematic reviews are highly reliable and valid too. Their conclusion about a clinical issue is derived from multiple studies that the researcher(s) assess for relevance and quality.	As a common data collection method, questionnaires have various strengths. It is possible to test many people quickly. Data (quantitative) can be generated and analyzed easily. On reliability, questionnaires facilitate the collection of large volume of data (Oden, 2019). It was the same case in the article. The results were also consistent by showing a positive correlation between workplace incivility, anxiety, and burnout.
General Notes/Comments	The article expands the PICOT by explaining how an educational intervention (cognitive rehearsal) can advance workplace civility. It illustrates how a positive workplace can be promoted to ensure that patients receive safe and efficient care.	The article is a reliable resource that expands knowledge on workplace incivility prevention from a nurses’ perspective. It explains how improving nurses’ skills and communication ability and supporting nurses can be integral in reducing workplace incivility in health care organizations.	The article is highly informative on the implications of workplace incivility in health care settings. It further proposes interventions necessary to manage incivility including educational training on incivility to enhance awareness and communication skills. Overall, it is a useful resource to develop the PICOT.	As nurses continue solving clinical issues, application of evidence-based research is vital. The article expands research on the effects of workplace incivility, which shows the need for policy interventions and other practical solutions.

Conclusion

The research articles in the worksheet evaluate workplace incivility among nurses from multiple dimensions. Causes of nursing incivility have been studied besides impacts of the clinical problem and possible prevention measures. Interventions such as resilience training and cognitive rehearsal techniques have been proposed. The articles will be further critiqued to get the best evidence to be used as the basis for change implementation in nursing practice to reduce incivility.

References

Abdollahzadeh, F., Asghari, E., Ebrahimi, H., Rahmani, A., & Vahidi, M. (2017). How to prevent workplace incivility?: Nurses’ perspective. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 22(2), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.205966

Al-Ghabeesh, S. H., & Qattom, H. (2019). Workplace bullying and its preventive measures and productivity among emergency department nurses. Israel Journal of Health Policy research, 8(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4268-x

Alshehry, A. S., Alquwez, N., Almazan, J., Namis, I. M., & Cruz, J. P. (2019). Influence of workplace incivility on the quality of nursing care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(23-24), 4582-4594. DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15051

Armstrong, N. (2018). Management of nursing workplace incivility in the health care settings: A systematic review. Workplace Health & Safety, 66(8), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2165079918771106

Kile, D., Eaton, M., deValpine, M., & Gilbert, R. (2019). The effectiveness of education and cognitive rehearsal in managing nurse‐to‐nurse incivility: A pilot study. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(3), 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12709

Oden, C. (2019). Validity and reliability of questionnaires: how to check. ProjectTopics. https://www.projecttopics.org/validity-and-reliability-of-questionnaires-how-to-check.html

Shi, Y., Guo, H., Zhang, S., Xie, F., Wang, J., Sun, Z., … & Fan, L. (2018). Impact of workplace incivility against new nurses on job burn-out: A cross-sectional study in China. BMJ Open, 8(4), e020461. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-020461

Schoonenboom, J., & Johnson, R. B. (2017). How to construct a mixed methods research design. KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 69(2), 107-131. doi: 10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1

Thorsteinson, T. J. (2018). A meta‐analysis of interview length on reliability and validity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12186

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a United States based healthcare organization that is dedicated to collecting and dissemination information regarding health, safety, and security threats for Americans. Evidence Based Practices (EBP) is defined as a problem-solving approach to clinical decision making based on the most accurate and reliable evidence and clinical expertise to improve conditions and outcomes for systems. (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2018) The CDC websites includes an area that outlines their mission and role.

The CDCs mission is to “conduct critical science to provide health information that protects our nation against threats” and their role is defined as “putting science and advanced technology into action to prevent disease.” (CDC, 2022) The repeated and signified action of putting research and data collection and application in their mission signified that the CDC work is grounded in EBP. Further research into the use of EBP within the CDCs practices has only strengthen my confidence in the CDC being a reliable source of information for healthcare-related topics. For example, during the COVID 19 pandemic as a healthcare professional, I was seeking the use of EBP resources to guide clincial decision-making for patient care because studies show that EBP results in “ higher quality care, improved patient outcomes, reduced costs, and greater nurse satisfaction than traditional approaches to care. I utilized updates and recommendation from the CDC to help treat patients and answer questions during a time where several sources were reporting inaccurate data. The CDC collects weekly surveillance data and literature from World Health Organization database to track COVID 19 cases and to provide recommendation regarding treatment and isolation practices. The CDC also provides links to all resources and studies conducted that were used in their decision-making process which is another indicator of EBP.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, April 29). Mission, Role and Pledge. https://www.cdc.gov/about/organization/mission.htm

Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence-Based Practice: Step by Step: The Seven Steps of Evidence-Based Practice. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 110(1), 51–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000366056.06605.d2

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2018). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Nursing Staff Shortages

The clinical issue of interest I selected is nursing staff shortages in relation to nurse burnout and patient outcomes. For as long as I have been a nurse, I have experienced this issue firsthand. I wonder, though, how many people are affected by this. How many other nurses are putting in almost double the workload and resulting in burnout? How many patients are affected from a safety and quality of care standpoint?

Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a problem-solving approach used in order to develop and provide the highest quality of care for the best patient outcomes (Stillwell et al., 2010). In order to retrieve relevant information, it is first necessary to establish a clearly defined question. The approach most commonly used to define this information is the PICO framework: P- Patient or Problem, I- Intervention, C- Comparison, and O- Outcome (Davies, 2011).

Research

To begin, I started a broad search on the nursing research page through Walden. I first typed in “nursing staff shortages” which produced 850 results. In an attempt to narrow down my research, I added “patient outcomes” in addition. This cut my options down to only 15, so I removed the “patient outcomes” phrase and replaced it with “quality of care” which resulted in 148. I then performed an advanced search to limit articles to “peer-reviewed scholarly journals only”, bringing the results down to 124. Finally, I wanted to be sure I was reviewing the most recent data, so I set a parameter to include articles only between the years 2018 to 2022. This really helped to simplify the process by reducing the number of articles to a manageable 65.

PICO

My PICO question for my chosen topic became more solidified as I continued my research. The problem (P) is nursing shortages have an impact on patient safety and quality of care (Tang et al., 2019). Interventions (I) are aimed at autonomy, recognition, and communication. Comparison (C) is done via three different instruments: the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Job Satisfaction Scale, and the Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care-R (BERNCA-R) and included feedback from 594 nurses (Uchmanowicz et al., 2020). Finally, the outcome (O) reveals that retaining expert nurses will have a positive effect on quality patient care.

A brief description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.	The qualitative research methodology used in this article has several strengths (Salami et al., 2019). Firstly, it allows for a deep understanding of nurses’ perspectives and experiences related to medication administration errors. Qualitative methods are well-suited for exploring complex and nuanced issues, such as human factors contributing to errors in healthcare. Secondly, the reliability of the methodology is enhanced by rigorous data collection and analysis techniques. The study includes interviews with nurses, which are recorded and transcribed verbatim. This transparency in data collection ensures that the findings are grounded in the participants’ actual responses, enhancing the reliability of the study. Thirdly, the validity of the research methodology is strengthened by the use of thematic analysis. Thematic analysis involves identifying and analyzing themes or patterns within the data, which ensures that the study’s conclusions are firmly rooted in the participants’ accounts. The researchers also employed member checking, allowing participants to review and validate the findings, further enhancing the validity of the research (Songül & Fatma, 2021).	The quantitative research methodology employed in this article offers several strengths. Firstly, it allows for the analysis of a substantial volume of data collected over a significant period, providing a robust basis for drawing conclusions about the relationship between medication errors and mortality (Brabcova et al., 2023). Secondly, the reliability of the methodology is bolstered by its objective nature. Quantitative data analysis follows predefined protocols, minimizing the potential for bias in the interpretation of results. Thirdly, the validity of the research methodology is supported by the use of statistical techniques to establish correlations and associations between variables. This quantitative approach ensures that the findings are based on empirical evidence and can be generalized to broader populations.	The mixed-methods research methodology used in this article has several strengths. Firstly, it combines both quantitative and qualitative data, providing a holistic view of the problem.Surveys can generate quantitative data, while interviews offer qualitative insights, enhancing the depth of understanding. Secondly, this approach allows for triangulation, which strengthens the validity of the findings. Triangulation involves using multiple data sources or methods to corroborate findings, increasing the reliability of the study. Thirdly, the study’s focus on corrective actions aligns with an applied research approach, which has direct implications for improving patient safety and healthcare practice. This practical orientation enhances the relevance and impact of the research (Pullam et al., 2023).	The quantitative research methodology used in this article has several strengths. Firstly, it allows for the systematic collection and analysis of data, providing numerical insights into the prevalence and associated factors of medication administration errors (Emerentia & Anneleen, 2022). Secondly, the reliability of the methodology is enhanced by its structured data collection process. Quantitative data collection methods typically have well-defined protocols, reducing the potential for bias. Thirdly, this research contributes to the evidence base by quantifying the extent of medication administration errors among nurses, which can inform interventions and policies aimed at improving patient safety.
General Notes/Comments	In summary, the qualitative research methodology used in this article is appropriate for exploring nurses’ perceptions of medication administration errors in Nigeria. Its strengths lie in its ability to provide a deep understanding of the issue, rigorous data collection and analysis processes, and steps taken to enhance both reliability and validity.	In summary, the quantitative research methodology used in this article is well-suited for examining the relationship between medication administration errors and patient mortality. Its strengths include its ability to analyze large datasets, objectivity, and statistical rigor, which enhance both reliability and validity.	In summary, the mixed-methods research methodology used in this article is appropriate for investigating medication administration errors in Saudi Arabia. Its strengths lie in its ability to capture both quantitative and qualitative data, triangulate findings, and propose actionable solutions to enhance patient safety.	In summary, the quantitative research methodology used in this article is appropriate for studying medication administration errors among nurses. Its strengths include systematic data collection, reliability, and the potential to inform evidence-based interventions for enhancing patient safety.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Definition and Goal

Beginning with Florence nightingale in the 1800s within the healthcare discipline, evidence-based practice continues to advance along with the nursing profession. Nurses and other interprofessional health teams should apply pieces of evidence to achieve, improve and sustain optimal quality and efficiency in patient care and work environment-related outcomes. The goal of evidence-based practice (EBP)is toenhance healthcare quality, improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and empower clinicians is considered the “quadruple aim in healthcare” (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2018, p. 36). Nursing research helps to identify the solution to critical problems in nursing care through scientific evidence that brings research to the bedside to guide nursing practice for making the best out of nursing care. Nursing education is based on the foundations of EBP to reduce the gap between nursing theory and practice. Evidence-based nursing practices integrate the best available scientific evidence collaborated with clinical expertise, patient values, and expectations to guide policy and procedures in a healthcare organization to improve patient care (Beasley et al., 2019). Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is a lifelong problem-solving approach to the delivery of health care that integrates the best evidence from well-designed studies delivered in a context of caring and culture as well as an ecosystem or environment that supports the best clinical decisions that yield positive results (Melnyk et al., 2014).

Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN)

The goal of accreditation is to ensure that institutions of higher education meet acceptable levels of quality. Accrediting agencies are private educational associations that develop evaluation criteria and conduct peer evaluations to assess whether those criteria are met (US Department of Education, n. d.). The primary accrediting body for nursing education programs in the United States is the Accreditation Commission for Nursing Education (ACEN), the autonomous agency that accredits all graduate and residency nursing programs and is recognized by the US Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) (Accreditation Commission for Nursing Education [ACEN], n. d). The Commission envisions a world where quality nursing education is the foundation of a robust, diverse, highly skilled nursing workforce dedicated to the highest healthcare and professional practice standards that contribute to improving public health. This voluntary autonomous regulatory agency supports and encourages continuous self-assessment by different nursing programs to promote the growth and improvement of professional nursing education programs. The mission of ACEN is based on the principles that support nursing education and practice and protect the public by performing accreditation functions to improve the quality of nursing education programs by maintaining nationally recognized standards in the nursing curriculum. The purpose of the ACEN is to provide specialized accreditations for all levels of nursing education and transition-to-practice programs located in the United States, US Territories, and internationally.

Goals of ACEN

            The Accreditation Commission for Nursing Education (ACEN) work is grounded in evidence-based practice (EBP) goals to promote quality and excellence in nursing education through its accreditation process, which requires nursing programs to adhere to the highest standards for educational quality in their curriculum. The ACEN also provides resources and guidance to nursing programs on how to use EBP in their curricula. Additionally, the ACEN ensures that all nursing programs have access to the latest scientific and research evidence and resources to help them provide efficient and high-quality patient care. This regulatory agency always works with the US education department to improve and increase public awareness among the community regarding its accreditation policies and its contribution to nursing education to ensure quality and protect the public from harm while rendering nursing care. As a leading authority in nursing education, the goal of ACEN is to act as a supportive partner in empowering nursing education by maintaining its quality through developing standards and criteria for accreditation and advocating for self-regulation for the practice and preparation of all nursing programs across the United States (Jackson & Halstead, 2016).

In conclusion, in cooperating with EBP competencies that promote excellence, foster continuous quality improvement, advance evidence-based standards for program evaluation, and increase public awareness, ACEN contributes to quality nursing education and supports a culture of collaboration among stakeholders in nursing education.

References

Accreditation Commission for Nursing Education [ACEN], (n.d.), retrieved from https://www.acenursing.org/about/mission-purpose-goals.

Beasley, S. F., Farmer, S., Nunn-Ellison, K., & Ard, N. (2019). International Nursing Program Accreditation. International journal of nursing education scholarship, 16(1), 10.1515/lines-2019-0075.

https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2019-0075

Links to an external site.

Jackson, A. & Halstead, J. (2016). National League for Nursing Commission for Nursing Education Accreditation. Nurse Educator, 41 (6), 303-303. 

Doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000309.

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2018). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher-Ford, L., Long, L. E., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2014). The Establishment of Evidence-Based Practice Competencies for Practicing Registered Nurses and Advanced Practice Nurses in Real-World Clinical Settings: Proficiencies to Improve Healthcare Quality, Reliability, Patient Outcomes, and Costs. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 11(1), 5–15.

https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12021

Links to an external site.

US Department of Education, (n. d), Accreditation in the United States. Retrieved from,

https://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accreditation.html#Overview