NURS 6051 Case Study Analysis

Walden University NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis                     

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis                     

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis                     

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis                     

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for NURS 6051  Case Study Analysis                     

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6051 Case Study Analysis

Title: NURS 6051 Case Study Analysis

NURS 6051 Case Study Analysis

NURS 6051 Case Study Analysis

Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum is a type of cancer that is initiated inside the cells that are responsible for forming glands that produce mucus. This mucus is produced to aid in the lubrication of the rectum and colon. Patients who are positive for Adenocarcinoma of the colon exhibit signs and symptoms such as a change in bowel movements, loss of weight, presence of blood in the stool and a feeling of being tired all the time. The major cause of this disease is old age, genetic disorders, and lifestyle factors. People who engage in activities such as smoking, alcohol abuse, poor diet, obesity and lack of physical activity are at a higher risk of contracting the disease (Kulke et al.,2015).  Moreover, old age and being male has also been proven to be probable risk factors. The 65-year old African American patient may have presented the symptoms provided due to his old age and being male.

Mutations in the pair of genes (POLE and POLD1) have all been associated with the development of Adenocarcinoma of the colon. Most deaths relating to colon cancer have also been linked to the metastatic disease. A metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1(MACC1) gene has been isolated as the one responsible for contributing to the metastatic disease. It has a transcriptional factor that influences how the hepatocyte growth factor is expressed. These two genes are responsible for the proliferation, scattering, and invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, they are responsible for the growth of tumors (Maliha, Krittiya, Aneeqa, Wai & Scott,2017)

Colorectal cancer originates from epithelial cells lining of the rectum present in the gastrointestinal tract. This occurs as a result of mutations that occur in the Wnt signaling pathway hence increasing the signaling activity (Lin, Chang, Liou, Su, Tsao, & Huang,2018). These mutations can both be acquired or inherited. Its immunosuppression procedure involves mutation of the APC gene. This gene prevents the accumulation of β-catenin protein. In the absence of the APC, β-catenin can accumulate and move to the nucleus then activate the arrangement of proto-oncogenes. Even though these genes are crucial for stem cell renewal, they can also lead to cancer when expresses inappropriately at high levels.

References

Kulke MH, Shah MH, Benson AB rd., Bergsland E, Berlin JD, Blaszkowsky LS, et al (2015). Neuroendocrine tumors, version 1. J Natl Compr Canc Netw .2015;13:78-108.

Lin KH, Chang NJ, Liou LR, Su MS, Tsao MJ. &Huang ML. (2018). Metachronous adenocarcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon. Formos J Surg [serial online]; 51:76-80. Available from: http://www.e-fjs.org/text.asp?2018/51/2/76/231140

Maliha K, Krittiya, Aneeqa S, Wai C, & Scott K, (2017).  Early-Onset Signet-Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Colon: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Reports in Oncological Medicine. Volume 2017 |Article ID 2832180 | 7 pages | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2832180

Sample Answer for NURS 6051 Case Study Analysis Included

An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact.

Photo Credit: Getty Images/Hero Images

An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

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By Day 7 of Week 2

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 2.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
Click the Module 1 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
Click the Module 1 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Introduction

This study is based on the underlying condition of a 42-year-old patient who has been presenting in the emergency department with redness, swelling, and pain in his right calf. The patient history indicates that he had developed a cut with the string trimmer while working in the yard, and he has cleaned it with water from the garden hose. He also covered it with a large bandage. After a few days, he developed a high fever and reaches the ED for care. The patient needs immediate care, resulting in the development of adverse effects like organ dysfunction, etc. This study constitutes how the signs and symptoms developed, followed by the genes associated and the process of immunosuppression.

System Development

The patient had developed a wound infection which, if not managed, can result in septic disease. The wound constituted of germs and bacteria, and the patient had not cleaned this sufficiently. The bacteria grew under the damaged skin spreading to sensitive tissues present. As a result of the infection, the inflammatory response has stimulated, and inflammatory molecules are released. These inflammatory mediators like white blood cells (WBCs) further produce free radicals and enzymes, resulting in tissue damage and nerve damage.

Therefore, pain is generated, which is caused by the stimulation of pain receptors. The wound site develops a swelling due to the excess movement of white blood cells and fluid into the injured area. The infected tissues and nerves are put under extra pressure with the swelling and causing pain. The formation of wound clots is also an inflammatory response of the body, so the site becomes red (Stone, Basit & Burns, 2020).

During an infection, the body makes up an excess of inflammatory cells, which are the WBCs that work effectively to kill the bacteria. In addition, the increased production of white blood cells may affect the hypothalamus, which shifts the average body temperature upwards. It occurs as the bacteria releases pyrogens in the body, generating the immune response (Prajitha, Athira & Mohanan, 2018; Balli & Sharan, 2020).

Genes That Associated with The Development of The Disease

The genes that are associated with the development of the infection include IL4, IL10, and NRAMP1. As a result of the disease from the bacteria, the inflammatory response is generating by interleukins like IL6, etc. The interleukin genes of IL4 and IL10 producing cytokines induced to make the anti-inflammatory response, restoring the balance after the cytokines storm. The IL4 is present in the eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 cells. The IL10 plays a central role in the development of the anti-inflammatory response and maintaining homeostasis. Both the genes, IL4 and IL10, are pleiotropic. They are also known to produce inflammatory responses, but they recruit to produce anti-inflammatory cytokines when controlling hyper inflammation. The proteins produced by IL4 and IL10 directly suppress the role of Th1 cells (Nedelopoulou et al., 2020). The NRAMP1 gene produces the NRAMP1 protein, an integral membrane protein expressed in the lysosome activity inducing cells macrophages and monocytes. However, the NRAMP1 is also known to have pleiotropic effects and is the gene responsible for producing disease resistance and can lead to the development of immunosuppression (Known, Jo & Park, 2018).

The Process of Immunosuppression and The Effect It Has On The Body Systems

Patients who do not have the ability or have reduced capacity for fighting bacteria and other microorganisms in the body. A cytokine-mediated inflammatory response had seen during a sepsis infection resulting in a hyper-inflammatory phase (Cytokine storm) followed by the immunosuppressive phase. Sepsis infection had characterized by the excess production of cytokine-mediated inflammatory mediators. Some evidence also suggests that the body also generates anti-inflammatory compounds as the inflammatory mediators are extra.

Immunosuppression can be caused due to various reasons like an underlying disease, age, genetics, medication, and surgery. The infection of sepsis activates the apoptosis of cellular B and T cells which are immune cells. As the apoptotic cells induce the activation of the dendritic cells, they have an increased role in the anti-inflammatory response in sepsis. The apoptosis of T cells further induces the downregulation of the CD4+ and CD8+ cells. This process is known as autophagy and contributes to immunosuppression. As the body’s immune cells are hyperactive, the cells also become exhausted, which can cause immunosuppression (Ono et al., 2018).

Conclusion

The patient presented to the emergency department has developed a wound infection, and there was a need for immediate management. As a result of the condition, the patient developed signs of pain, inflammation, and high fever, indicating sepsis. Sepsis results in immunosuppression which has multiple mechanisms like apoptosis of the immune cells. The genes responsible for the development of sepsis include NRAMP1, IL4, and IL10. Therefore, understanding these aspects of sepsis will make infection management easier for the nurse and reduce further risk.

References

Balli, S., & Sharan, S. (2020). Physiology, Fever (Hyperthermia). StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562334/

Kwon, H. K., Jo, W. R., & Park, H. J. (2018). Immune-enhancing activity of C. militaris fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus (GRC-ON89A) in CY-induced immunosuppressed model. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 18(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2133-9

Nedelkopoulou, N., Dhawan, A., Xinias, I., Gidaris, D., & Farmaki, E. (2020). Interleukin 10: the critical role of a pleiotropic cytokine in food allergy. Allergologia et immunopathologia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2019.10.003

Ono, S., Tsujimoto, H., Hiraki, S., & Aosasa, S. (2018). Mechanisms of sepsis-induced immunosuppression and immunological modification therapies for sepsis. Annals of gastroenterological surgery, 2(5), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1002/ags3.12194

Prajitha, N., Athira, S. S., & Mohanan, P. V. (2018). Pyrogens, a polypeptide produces fever by metabolic changes in hypothalamus: mechanisms and detections. Immunology letters, 204, 38-46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30336182/

Stone, W. L., Basit, H., & Burns, B. (2020). Pathology, inflammation. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534820/

NURS_6501_Module1_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric

Grid View
List View

Excellent Good Fair Poor

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

28 (28%) – 30 (30%)

The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

25 (25%) – 27 (27%)

The response describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

23 (23%) – 24 (24%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.

The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.

0 (0%) – 22 (22%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing.

The response does not include reasons for the symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.

Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

23 (23%) – 25 (25%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

20 (20%) – 22 (22%)

The response includes an accurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

18 (18%) – 19 (19%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

0 (0%) – 17 (17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease is missing.

Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

28 (28%) – 30 (30%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

25 (25%) – 27 (27%)

The response includes an accurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

23 (23%) – 24 (24%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

0 (0%) – 17 (17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.

5 (5%) – 5 (5%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.

A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.

4 (4%) – 4 (4%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.

3 (3%) – 3 (3%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.

0 (0%) – 2 (2%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time.

No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.

Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

4 (4%) – 4 (4%)

Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3 (3%) – 3 (3%)

Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

0 (0%) – 2 (2%)

Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.

5 (5%) – 5 (5%)

Uses correct APA format with no errors.

4 (4%) – 4 (4%)

Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

3 (3%) – 3 (3%)

Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

0 (0%) – 2 (2%)

Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
Total Points: 100
Name: NURS_6501_Module1_Case Study

The case study depicts a 55-year-old male with complaints of worsening cough, chest tightness, profuse sweating, lightheadedness, and breathing difficulty. On arrival to the ER, findings include ST segment elevation in the anterior, shallow pulse, respirations of 10 breaths/min, troponin-13ng/l, and CK-265 U/L. The purpose of this paper will be to address cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiological processes responsible for the patient’s symptoms.

Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Process Resulting in Presenting Symptoms

The patient’s symptoms can be attributed to myocardial infarction (MI). MI occurs due to abrupt and severe oxygen deprivation in the myocardial tissue. The cardiovascular pathophysiologic process causing the symptoms is reduced blood flow in the coronary artery due to the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent occlusion of the artery by a thrombus (Saleh & Ambrose, 2018). Infarction develops over minutes to hours when blood flow is abruptly decreased by 80-90%.

The cardiopulmonary processes causing the symptoms occur when the cells are deprived of oxygen. Ischemia develops, cellular injury occurs, and the lack of oxygen results in infarction, or the death of cells, leading to permanent loss of myocardial contractility in the affected area (Smit et al., 2020). Necrosis of myocardial tissue contributes to the patient’s chest pain, breathing difficulty, diaphoresis, lightheadedness, and shallow pulse. The disruption of cell membranes because of hypoxia led to the release of creatinine kinase (CK) and troponin (regulates myocardial contractility process) into the systemic circulation resulting in elevated CK and troponin levels (Smit et al., 2020). The patient has an ST-segment elevation on ECG, which has a specificity of 90% and a sensitivity of 45% for diagnosing MI.

Racial/Ethnic Variables Impacting Physiological Functioning

Racial/ethnic differences have been established in the prevalence of MI. African Americans have a higher rate of MI than whites in the US. Hackler et al. (2019) explain that the factors causing these racial differences include a high burden of risk factors among AAs, like a high prevalence and worse control of hypertension and high rates of smoking and diabetes mellitus. Among AA women, high rates of obesity contribute to MI. Furthermore, a relationship exists between socioeconomic status, risk factors, risk factor control, and racial disparities in MI.

Processes that Interact to Affect the Patient

The pathophysiological processes interact to cause distressing symptoms in the patient. One of the most distressing symptoms is chest pain. The chest pain in MI is severe, diffuse steady substernal pain of a crushing and squeezing nature. It is not alleviated by rest or sublingual vasodilator therapy and may radiate to the arms, shoulders, neck, back, or jaw. Besides, it persists for more than 15 minutes and usually produces anxiety and fear, increasing heart rate, BP, and respiratory rate (Hegazy et al., 2022). Besides, the processes can contribute to complications like myocardial dysfunction, cardiac failure, cardiogenic shock, and cardiac rupture.

Conclusion

The patient developed myocardial necrosis caused by acute coronary artery obstruction, which led to chest discomfort, dyspnea, diaphoresis, lightheadedness, and elevated cardiac markers. AAs have a high prevalence of MI due to their lifestyle practices. The Pathophysiological processes of MI contribute to distressing symptoms like severe chest pain, which affect the patient.

 

 

References

Hackler, E., Lew, J., Gore, M. O., Ayers, C. R., Atzler, D., Khera, A., … & De Lemos, J. A. (2019). Racial differences in cardiovascular biomarkers in the general population. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(18), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012729

Hegazy, M. A., Mansour, K. S., Alzyat, A. M., Mohammad, M. A., & Hegazy, A. A. (2022). Myocardial Infarction: Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Classification, Assessment, and Management. Cardiology Research and Reports, 4(5). https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9759/056

Saleh, M., & Ambrose, J. A. (2018). Understanding myocardial infarction. F1000Research, 7, F1000 Faculty Rev-1378. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15096.1

Smit, M., Coetzee, A. R., & Lochner, A. (2020). The pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia and perioperative myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 34(9), 2501-2512. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.005

A 32-year-old woman arrives at the ED with, vomiting, nausea, fever, chills, and vaginal discharge. Symptoms lasted three days. Her LLQ and lower back hurt. She denies urinary incontinence, peculiar urine, and increased urination. She claims monogamy. Her WBC, sedimentation, and CRP were elevated. Abdominal exam indicates LLQ pain. A pelvic exam indicates putrid green discharge, a reddish cervix, adnexal pain, and the chandelier sign. Gram-negative diplococci in ER wet preps. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the case of the patient above and mention a diagnosis of PID and how it is associated with infertility.

Factors that Affect Fertility (STDs).

After checking her vitals and determining that this patient’s body temperature and pulse rate were increased, PID was identified as the cause. Both chlamydia and gonorrhea, if not treated, have the potential to spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes. This may result in pelvic inflammatory disease, often known as PID, which can cause inflammation, scarring, and obstruction in the patient’s reproductive organs, like fallopian tubes (Chitneni et al., 2020). Tubal scarring may cause the fallopian tubes to become blocked, preventing eggs from being transported to the uterus. Those who have had trauma to their fallopian tubes are often at an increased risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy.

Inflammatory Markers Rise in STD/PID.

STIs damage the vaginal mucosa, which protects against invasive bacteria and viruses. Receptors on the cell surface or within the cell identify STI infections, causing mucosal inflammation (Rizk et al., 2020). In the example, inflammatory biomarkers like CRP and ESR are elevated. STIs may cause mucosal reactions that can cause discharge, blistering, and warts among others. This response seeks to eliminate infections, but it often fails or causes pathology that weakens the barrier and allows HIV to enter submucosal target cells.

Prostatitis and Systemic reaction

Inflammation is often seen in prostatitis, a disorder that affects the prostate gland. Prostatitis often causes discomfort in the groin, pelvis, or genitalia as well as unpleasant or difficult urinating. Although not all cases of prostatitis are caused by bacterial infections, some cases of the condition are (Li et al., 2021). Acute bacterial prostatitis is often caused by common bacterial strains. The spread of the virus may have originated in the urinary or reproductive systems.

Splenectomy and ITP

ITP patients’ immune systems kill platelets as alien items. The spleen removes damaged platelets, therefore eliminating it may enable more platelets to circulate (Tahir et al., 2020). Patients with persistent, severe ITP have a splenectomy. After failing various treatments, leading US ITP experts undertake splenectomy. A nuclear medicine department does an indium-labeled platelet spleen scan to see whether the spleen is degrading platelets. If this test shows that the immune system is largely killing platelets elsewhere, a splenectomy won’t help.

Anemia

When blood produces fewer normal, healthy RBCs than usual, anemia results. With hemoglobin and hematocrit, MCV can be used to categorize anemia as microcytic (MCV below normal range), normocytic, or macrocytic (MCV above normal range) (Tvedten, 2022). Based on the underlying cause, additional forms of anemia include aplastic, hemolytic,  and sickle cell anemia.

Conclusion

PID is a common infection that affects sexually active women. Most of the time, STIs like gonorrhea and chlamydia are to blame. If PID is not treated, it can make a person unable to have children. So, if the problem is severe and keeps coming back, the patient might have to have surgery.

References

Chitneni, P., Bwana, M. B., Owembabazi, M., O’Neil, K., Kalyebara, P. K., Muyindike, W., Musinguzi, N., Bangsberg, D. R., Marrazzo, J. M., Haberer, J. E., Kaida, A., & Matthews, L. T. (2020). Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevalence Among Women at Risk for HIV Exposure Initiating Safer Conception Care in Rural, Southwestern Uganda. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 47(8), e24–e28. https://doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000001197

Li, C., Xu, L., Lin, X., Li, Q., Ye, P., Wu, L., Wang, M., Li, L., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Li, H., & Qin, G. (2021). Effectiveness and safety of acupuncture combined with traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Medicine, 100(49), e28163. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000028163

Rizk, B., Borahay, M. A., & Abdel Maguid Ramzy. (2020). Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Gynecologic Emergencies. CRC Press.

Tahir, F., Ahmed, J., & Malik, F. (2020). Post-splenectomy Sepsis: A Review of the Literature. Cureus, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6898

‌Tvedten, H. (2022). Classification and Laboratory Evaluation of Anemia. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119500537.ch25