NURS 6050 Week 2 Assignment Presidential Agendas and the Fight Against Pandemics

NURS 6050 Week 2 Assignment Presidential Agendas and the Fight Against Pandemics

NURS 6050 Week 2 Assignment Presidential Agendas and the Fight Against Pandemics

There have been so many presidents in the United States who have in one way or the order faced some challenges like terrorism, financial catastrophe but only a few were unlucky to have faced the challenges of fighting pandemics during their tenure as presidents. How well a country fights pandemic depends on the approach and strategic plans of the president in the early phases of the pandemic because of its public health concerns, ability to increase morbidity rate in a little time if not controlled in the beginning. (Jamison et al., 2017) Pandemics have the capability to lead to disruptions in social, economic and political areas of the country and over wide geopolitical zones, hence the need to strategically have functional plans and funding in place to assist the citizens who are affected by the pandemic get out of depression because of the traumatic events they have experienced either losing jobs or death of loved ones is one of the steps in managing pandemics.

Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief Assignment Template for Part 1 and Part 2 (Be sure to use at least 2-3 outside resources)

Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid

Identify the population health concern you selected.	Pandemics
Describe the population health concern you selected and the factors that contribute to it. Use citations.	Pandemic is poses a public health concern as citizens’ battle depression due to economic instability and loss of loved ones. The Present administration should be more concerned on the effects of pandemic on her citizens during and post pandemic as most families during pandemics are left with no jobs and access to quality medical care just as what we are experiencing amid COVID 19 today (Evans & Bufka, 2020).
Administration (President Name)	President Biden	President Trump	President Obama
Describe the administrative agenda focus related to this issue for the current and two previous presidents. Use citations.	The present administration has rolled out plans for massive emergency Covid 19 vaccination, although some people are still misinformed about the need for vaccine, a lot of public health awareness is ongoing to ensure we get more people vaccinated, there have been plans of relief packages to assist families struggling with the present pandemic (“The Whitehouse,” 2021).	Trump downplayed the warning for Coronavirus outbreak when it was noticed in Wuhan China, Trump acted late, hence we are all caught up in the mess we see today. There was no sufficient funding for CDC on infectious disease controls in his tenure.	Obama had a slow initial response during the 2014 Ebola outbreak which was a wakeup call on emerging infectious diseases.The Obama administration made appropriate funding available to fight Ebola all over the world.
Identify the allocations of financial and other resources that the current and two previous presidents dedicated to this issue. Use citations.	The Biden Administration have appropriated and invested about $1.7 billion in getting the vaccines, increasing genomic sequencing and mass awareness campaign to ensure they wear nose mask as primary protective equipment (“The Whitehouse,” 2021)	The Trump administration focused on protecting the most vulnerable especially the elderly and spent about $2.5 billion to nursing homes on Covid relief packages (HHS, 2020)	The Obama administration requested for $6.2 billion but only approved $5.4 billion which was the largest donation by a single government to fight Ebola.
Explain how each of the presidential administrations approached the issue. Use citations.	The Present administration took over amid pandemic and have rolled out plans and sustained existing technologies and partnered with agencies that will help in control of the pandemic through the administrations appropriate funding to Covid 19 vaccination and mass campaign (“The Whitehouse,” 2021)	Trump administration did not rightly approach Covid 19, there was delayed response by the federal Government hence the cases escalated and mortality cases increased uncontrollably.As at the time Covid 19 Started, because Trump already destroyed existing science framework, there was none on ground to act (Peters, 2020)	Obama confronted Ebola squarely by appropriation of $5.4 billion and in 2014 Dec enacted CDC operations to prepare specialized assist for west Africa where the mortality was out of control and that really helped African nations have control and were able to manage it. (“U.S. response to Ebola: Status of the FY2015 emergency Ebola appropriation,” 2019).

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Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis

Using the information you recorded in Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid, complete the following to document information about the population health/healthcare issue your selected

 

Administration (President Name)	President Biden	President Trump	President Obama
Which administrative agency would most likely be responsible for helping you address the healthcare issue you selected?	The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) would the administrative agency responsible to see that the Covid-19 Pandemic is controlled through their appropriate funding and strategic plans for isolations, contact tracing and provision of subsidized personal protective equipment.	The CDC was there and adviced Trump but he declined some of their advices and plans.	CDC has been at the center of it all in terms of infectious disease control.
How do you think your selected healthcare issue might get on the agenda for the current and two previous presidents? How does it stay there?	The present administration have already prioritized the Covid 19 pandemic and relief plans that are being rolled out to families to cushion the effects of the pandemic especially depression and this agenda can be developed to have permanent policies that does not only address the pandemic itself but also addresses the effects during and post pandemic.	Trump had Covid 19 late in his tenure and partnered with agencies that see to the control of infectious diseases through research and vaccine productions.	Proper funding for infectious disease control  and research is key for any nation to fight pandemic.
Who would you choose to be the entrepreneur/ champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue you selected for the current and two previous presidents?	Rep .J Courtney who is a Rep  for Connecticut’s 2nd District sponsored the bill on Coronavirus aid and  Relief which has cushioned the effect on the citizens	The CDC has been on top of the Covid 19 by rolling out their strategies and plans to effectively control it though the strategies came a bit late.	The World health Organization stepped in to ensure that all the countries that are ravaged by the pandemic had trained and equipped staff to take care of patients.

Part 3:

Why pandemic strategies are Important for the Legislation Agenda;

Each pandemic comes with unpredictable increasing stress levels and serious effects on individuals and to the nation as a whole. The effects of chronic stress can’t be over emphasized as it affects all body systems especially the mental state, hence having a plan in place to identify these needs of the people in crisis and intervening is key.

In setting policies and agendas, Politics and analytical work go hand in hand to get any policy right “John W. Kingdon ( 2001)

Pandemic planning and funding should be on the priority list of every nation, there should be a blue print that should be activated as soon as a pandemic surface, in that way it saves the response time and increases the chances of managing it without having high mortality rates.

There should be a plan for the mental health state of the citizens who are affected by the pandemic, just as we are seeing in Covid 19, so many families have been torn apart, so many lost their life partners as frontline workers, some lost their means of livelihood, had their loved ones buried without witnessing it, it generally poses new challenges mentally (Evans & Bufka, 2020). Having a plan like economic relief packages will help cushion the effects on the citizens, giving the assess to good healthcare is another step in a right direction to properly take care of their health.

The nurse’s role in agenda setting.

Prevention and early recognition- Nurses are more in contact with patients more than any other healthcare team member, as such should be quick to assess our patients and people around us especially this period and will willing to offer help in terms of directing them the right place to seek for help and early intervention to avoid mental breakdown.

Volunteer; Nurses through their volunteer services on policy meetings gets firsthand information on what healthcare agenda each administration has and work on to develop it with their experience through developing fact sheets and volunteering to prepare reports to decision makers (Burke, 2016).

Nurses need to get actively involved in politics, just like the Nurse Practitioners (NP’s) who have been battling with being granted independence to practice to full extent of their licensure in order to increase patients care “O’Rourke et al 2017”

Advocacy;

Nurses as advocates helps to ensure patients safety and also assist in facilitating required resources for our patients to ensure they get the best quality care available (Arabi, A et.al 2014”).  Nurses speak up for so many of the patients that can’t speak for themselves, some are the more vulnerable who are going through one effect of the pandemic.

Conclusion

Pandemic poses great challenges to any nation and to the world at large. A systematic review of 2020 impact on the mental state of citizens indicated that the rate of  depression went up especially during the quarantine as people have lost jobs with no hope of getting it back and being on lockdown, so many companies downsized and many lost loved ones due to the pandemic, these feelings of anger, frustrations are few of the effects of pandemic on individuals that leads to mental health breakdown if not properly addressed, I plead with the present administration to have plans and policies in place for the mental health effects of pandemic on citizens.

References

Burke, S. A. (2016, June 2). Influence through policy: Nurses have a unique role. Nursing Centered. https://nursingcentered.sigmanursing.org/commentary/more-commentary/Vol42_2_nurses-have-a-unique-role

Evans, A. C., & Bufka, L. F. (2020). The critical need for a population health approach: Addressing the nation’s behavioral health during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200261

HHS. (2020, August 27). COVID-19 relief funding. HHS.gov. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/08/27/trump-administration-announces-2-5-billion-to-nursing-homes-for-covid-19-relief-funding.html

Jamison, D. T., Gelband, H., Horton, S., Jha, P., Laxminarayan, R., Mock, C. N., & Nugent, R. (2017). Disease control priorities, third edition (Volume 9): Improving health and reducing poverty. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0527-1

Priorities. (2021, January 20). The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/priorities/

Peters, C. (2020, June 8). A detailed timeline of all the ways Trump failed to respond to the coronavirus. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2020/6/8/21242003/trump-failed-coronavirus-response

Arabi, A., Rafii, F., Cheraghi, M. A., & Ghiyasvandian, S. (2014). Nurses’ policy influence: A concept analysis. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 19(3), 315–322.

The U.S. response to Ebola: Status of the FY2015 emergency Ebola appropriation. (2019, March 13). KFF. https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/issue-brief/the-u-s-response-to-ebola-status-of-the-fy2015-emergency-ebola-appropriation/

John W. Kingdon ( 2001). A model of agenda-setting, with applications. Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University Law Review, 2001, 331. https://advance-lexis-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/api/document?collection=analytical-materials&id=urn:contentItem:44N6-2010-00CV-V1SC-00000-00&context=1516831.

O’Rourke, N. C., Crawford, S. L., Morris, N. S., & Pulcini, J. (2017). Political Efficacy and Participation of Nurse Practitioners. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 18(3), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154417728514

Presidential Agendas and the Fight Against Pandemics

There have been so many presidents in the United States who have in one way or the order faced some challenges like terrorism, financial catastrophe but only a few were unlucky to have faced the challenges of fighting pandemics during their tenure as presidents. How well a country fights pandemic depends on the approach and strategic plans of the president in the early phases of the pandemic because of its public health concerns, ability to increase morbidity rate in a little time if not controlled in the beginning. (Jamison et al., 2017) Pandemics have the capability to lead to disruptions in social, economic and political areas of the country and over wide geopolitical zones, hence the need to strategically have functional plans and funding in place to assist the citizens who are affected by the pandemic get out of depression because of the traumatic events they have experienced either losing jobs or death of loved ones is one of the steps in managing pandemics.

Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief Assignment Template for Part 1 and Part 2 (Be sure to use at least 2-3 outside resources)

 

Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid

Identify the population health concern you selected.	Pandemics
Describe the population health concern you selected and the factors that contribute to it. Use citations.	Pandemic is poses a public health concern as citizens’ battle depression due to economic instability and loss of loved ones. The Present administration should be more concerned on the effects of pandemic on her citizens during and post pandemic as most families during pandemics are left with no jobs and access to quality medical care just as what we are experiencing amid COVID 19 today (Evans & Bufka, 2020).
Administration (President Name)	President Biden	President Trump	President Obama
Describe the administrative agenda focus related to this issue for the current and two previous presidents. Use citations.	The present administration has rolled out plans for massive emergency Covid 19 vaccination, although some people are still misinformed about the need for vaccine, a lot of public health awareness is ongoing to ensure we get more people vaccinated, there have been plans of relief packages to assist families struggling with the present pandemic (“The Whitehouse,” 2021).	Trump downplayed the warning for Coronavirus outbreak when it was noticed in Wuhan China, Trump acted late, hence we are all caught up in the mess we see today. There was no sufficient funding for CDC on infectious disease controls in his tenure.	Obama had a slow initial response during the 2014 Ebola outbreak which was a wakeup call on emerging infectious diseases.The Obama administration made appropriate funding available to fight Ebola all over the world.
Identify the allocations of financial and other resources that the current and two previous presidents dedicated to this issue. Use citations.	The Biden Administration have appropriated and invested about $1.7 billion in getting the vaccines, increasing genomic sequencing and mass awareness campaign to ensure they wear nose mask as primary protective equipment (“The Whitehouse,” 2021)	The Trump administration focused on protecting the most vulnerable especially the elderly and spent about $2.5 billion to nursing homes on Covid relief packages (HHS, 2020)	The Obama administration requested for $6.2 billion but only approved $5.4 billion which was the largest donation by a single government to fight Ebola.
Explain how each of the presidential administrations approached the issue. Use citations.	The Present administration took over amid pandemic and have rolled out plans and sustained existing technologies and partnered with agencies that will help in control of the pandemic through the administrations appropriate funding to Covid 19 vaccination and mass campaign (“The Whitehouse,” 2021)	Trump administration did not rightly approach Covid 19, there was delayed response by the federal Government hence the cases escalated and mortality cases increased uncontrollably.As at the time Covid 19 Started, because Trump already destroyed existing science framework, there was none on ground to act (Peters, 2020)	Obama confronted Ebola squarely by appropriation of $5.4 billion and in 2014 Dec enacted CDC operations to prepare specialized assist for west Africa where the mortality was out of control and that really helped African nations have control and were able to manage it. (“U.S. response to Ebola: Status of the FY2015 emergency Ebola appropriation,” 2019).

 

Part 2: Agenda Comparison Grid Analysis

Using the information you recorded in Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid, complete the following to document information about the population health/healthcare issue your selected

Administration (President Name)	President Biden	President Trump	President Obama
Which administrative agency would most likely be responsible for helping you address the healthcare issue you selected?	The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) would the administrative agency responsible to see that the Covid-19 Pandemic is controlled through their appropriate funding and strategic plans for isolations, contact tracing and provision of subsidized personal protective equipment.	The CDC was there and adviced Trump but he declined some of their advices and plans.	CDC has been at the center of it all in terms of infectious disease control.
How do you think your selected healthcare issue might get on the agenda for the current and two previous presidents? How does it stay there?	The present administration have already prioritized the Covid 19 pandemic and relief plans that are being rolled out to families to cushion the effects of the pandemic especially depression and this agenda can be developed to have permanent policies that does not only address the pandemic itself but also addresses the effects during and post pandemic.	Trump had Covid 19 late in his tenure and partnered with agencies that see to the control of infectious diseases through research and vaccine productions.	Proper funding for infectious disease control  and research is key for any nation to fight pandemic.
Who would you choose to be the entrepreneur/ champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue you selected for the current and two previous presidents?	Rep .J Courtney who is a Rep  for Connecticut’s 2nd District sponsored the bill on Coronavirus aid and  Relief which has cushioned the effect on the citizens	The CDC has been on top of the Covid 19 by rolling out their strategies and plans to effectively control it though the strategies came a bit late.	The World health Organization stepped in to ensure that all the countries that are ravaged by the pandemic had trained and equipped staff to take care of patients.

 

Week One Discussion

Topic

Aspects of healthcare have been hot topics in political debate numerous times over the years but have grown more critical to the lives of Americans, especially since the inception of the worldwide pandemic. “…the massive job losses associated with the COVID-19-induced economic downturn led to an estimated 3-27 million Americans losing their employer-sponsored health insurance in the first months of the pandemic in 2020” (Fox et al., 2022, p. 1).

Coupled with the massive loss in healthcare coverage, prescription drug prices have continued to rise. According to Nguyen et al., (2022), “high retail drug prices, both for cash-paying underinsured and cost-sharing insured populations, rely on a pharmaceutical market structure corrupted by opaque consumer-facing prices and misaligned incentives for the entities initially formed to lower prices.” (4.1 section). Although insured Americans may pay a set co-pay for prescription drug costs, health plan premiums continue to rise to offset rising healthcare costs as these are passed on to the consumer.

Social Determinant

Social determinants are multi-faceted, and some may have a more significant impact than others. These may include education level, health, social standing, financial standing, geographical location, access to healthcare, safe housing, reliable transportation, and food safety (Westphal, 2019). However, with greater access to healthcare and, subsequently, preventative healthcare practices, costs associated with prescription medication would decrease overall. This discussion, however, does not address the costs related to consumers that require medications that are available in name-brand, in which prices can rise sharply with no generic alternative available. High costs associated with these branded drugs may cause consumers to go without medication depending on their financial standing or available financial assistance.

President’s Approaches

In 2022 President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act into law. This legislation allowed Medicare to negotiate drug prices of certain medications, capped the cost of insulin at 35 dollars per month, helped Medicare beneficiaries by reducing vaccine co-pays to zero, and capped pharmacy costs to $2000 per calendar year (The White House, n.d.).

From 2016 to 2020, the Trump Administration reports that it finalized a rule to allow the importation of prescription drugs from Canada, ensured that pharmaceutical companies offer the same discounts to the United States as they do to other nations, ended kickbacks to intermediaries and ensured that patients directly benefit from available discounts at the pharmacy, enhanced Medicare Part D plans to provide Medicare access to insulins at a maximum $35 copay for a month’s supply, Reduced Medicare Part D prescription drug premiums, and ended the Unapproved Drugs Initiative (https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/, n.d.).

What could be Done Differently?

Since the inception of the ACA (Affordable Care Act) by the Obama administration, its importance has increased significantly, primarily since the emergence of COVID and the massive loss of jobs experienced by the American people, which in turn caused the loss of employer-provided health care coverage. I would continue to build on this system, add additional insurance entities, and provide incentives to these companies. However, adding millions of consumers comes with additional strains on the healthcare system. To balance this influx of potential patients, I would also provide incentives to attract more people into the healthcare professions. I would also offer financial incentives for new and established companies to further engage in community care and home health visits to encourage preventative care to mitigate emergency room visits and subsequent inpatient admissions.

References

Fox, A., Choi, Y., Lanthorn, H., & Croke, K. (2022). Health insurance loss during COVID-19 may increase support for Universal Health Coverage. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law, 47(1), 1–25. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5%26sid=36c8e034-8880-4ebf-a72c-adf3795f9f6b%40redis

https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/. (n.d.). Trump administration accomplishments – the white house. Retrieved May 31, 2023, from https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/trump-administration-accomplishments/

Teasdale, B., Nguyen, A., Van Meijgaard, J., & Schulman, K. A. (2022). Trends and determinants of retail prescription drug costs. Health Services Research, 57(3), 548+. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13961

The White House. (n.d.). The Biden-Harris record. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/therecord/

Westphal, E. (2019). Managing chronic disease in an evolving healthcare environment: Community-based organizations increasingly are addressing social determinants of health, and preventing more expensive medical interventions. Generations, 4–7.

There are three reasons that I choose Psychiatric Mental Nurse Practitioner as my nursing specialty within the MSN program. First of all, as a certified Psychiatric-Mental Health Registered Nurse, I am working in both inpatient and outpatient facilities and have professional experience in direct patient care. Compared to other medical area, I am competent and confident to take care of patients with mental health illnesses, to recognize emergent situation, and to communicate multidisciplinary team effectively. Secondarily, it is about professional networking which is far more important for the practicum.  Some of my colleagues are students of the PMH-NP program who will be Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner. A few retired Psychiatrists who work at outpatient clinic are preceptors of NP students. I am not sure if networking will be helpful to my practicum course, but at least I have relevantly professional networking and still have hope to complete my practicum. Schmidt (n.d) notes professional networking is the best way for nurses to find jobs. Third, the MSN-PMHNP program at Walden University is a CCNE-accredited program and is a pioneer in this specialization which is one of the first fully online PMHNP program in the nation (Walden University. n.d.). that is why I choose Walden University for my advanced practiced nurse practitioner.

One of difficulties I have to affect my decision is how to balance families, working, and studying. Going back to school means less time to playing with children. I am afraid that their memory to their mommy is only working and studying but not happy family gathering. The other difficulty is to find preceptors for the practicum. I must find at least two different preceptors for four practicums and different sites (Walden University. n.d). This is the biggest obstacle for the program. However, being a nurse practitioner is my career goal. What would I want to be in 10 years? Caring families and earning money are important but not excuse to stop chasing my dream.

Currently I am a member of American Nurse Association. It is a professional organization in nursing throughout all specialties and practice settings. It provides resources, continuing education, webinars to support the nursing professional; In addition, it gives nurses the opportunity to advance nursing career (American Nurse Association. n.d.). I obtained my Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Certificate through the ANA.  In the future, I will get the Psychiatric-Mental health Nurse Practitioner Certification through the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCCZ) Certification Program.

Opioid Crisis:

As many have already pointed out, the opioid crisis has become one of the largest problems across America over the years. In fact, deaths related to opioid use surpassed car crash related deaths in 2016 (U.S. Department of Education, 2018). There are many social determinants that affect the opioid crisis and make people more prone to succumbing to what may turn into a deadly addiction. If I had to pick a social determinant that affects this health issue the most, I would say poverty. Individuals who live in poverty are often times more prone to psychiatric problems which can result in unstable housing (Dasgupta et al., 2018). These individuals also have less access to healthier food options and preventative care making them more prone to dealing with chronic pain. Often times they are left dealing with chronic pain on their own because of lack of easy access to healthcare. All of these factors put them at a significantly greater risk for substance abuse problems.

Many presidents have addressed the opioid crisis, putting initiatives in place to help manage the problem. In 2017, President Trump declared the opioid crisis as a public health emergency and he passed an initiative to stop opioid abuse over a two year period. His initiative involved $6 billion in funding and focused on increasing education and prevention efforts, stopping drug movement across borders and increased efforts to develop evidence based treatments targeted toward addiction (National Archives and Records Administration, 2018). There was more than one billion awarded to support communities towards prevention and treatment at the state and local level as well. President Biden also recognized the opioid crisis as one of the nations biggest challenges and his administration awarded more than 1.6 billion in funds towards grants  focusing on preventing overdose. Two of the grants were supported by SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) and focused on providing treatment and recovery support services for patients with opioid use disorders while also supplying funds for facilities to distribute naloxone to patients in need (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022).

I do feel that there continues to be great strides towards battling the opioid epidemic from the presidential level. Working in an emergency room I have been able to personally experiencing the benefit of being able to easily distribute naloxone to patients at high risk for overdose. I have seen many positive outcomes related to non medical personnel use of naloxone outside the hospital. However, if I were to do anything different, I would focus on utilizing some of the funds for establishing facilities that provide a greater access to resources in areas specifically with higher poverty levels. There also could be great benefit to focusing more funding towards non-pharmacological pain management research that can be incorporated into treatment at pain management facilities. It is clear that regardless of the initiatives put in place, drugs are still making it across borders and the fentanyl crisis in particular is getting worse. I think there needs to be greater involvement at the education level to provide knowledge to children about the increased danger of street drugs related to fentanyl. Addiction is becoming more common at younger ages so I believe having educational programs in place that use a more direct approach for early prevention in schools will be essential to slowing the spread before addictive habits are established.

References:

Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D. (2018). Opioid crisis: No easy fix to its social and economic determinants. American Journal of Public Health, 108(2), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2017.304187

National Archives and Records Administration. (2018, October 24). President Donald J. Trump’s Initiative to Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumps-initiative-stop-opioid-abuse-reduce-drug-supply-demand-2/

U.S. Department of education. (2018, August). Combating the opioid crisis and other substance misuse: Schools, students, families. Combating the Opioid Crisis and Other Substance Misuse: Schools, Students, Families | U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://www.ed.gov/opioids/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022, September 23). Biden-Harris Administration Awards more than $1.6 billion in funds for communities addressing addiction and overdose crises. HHS.gov. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2022/09/23/biden-harris-administration-awards-more-than1-6-billion-funds-communities-addressing-addiction-overdose-crises.html