NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement

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This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement                     

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement                     

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

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How to Write the Body for NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement                     

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement                     

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement                     

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement

NURS 6050 Week 11 Assignment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement

Introduction

The problem of non-communicable diseases across the globe is a challenge that is growing on an annual basis. This issue of non-communicable diseases is a global challenge that WHO tries to prevent. Given the disease cannot be treated such as diabetes and high blood pressure they can be successfully prevented in various communities (World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). The issue is a global problem that requires mitigation from different countries which include the US and Canada.

Global Healthcare Issue  Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases
Description The cost of medication and management of the non-communicable disease is rising. The increased cost of care delivery and the need for nurses is due to non-communicable diseases. The fact that non-communicable disease is rarely cured due to its chronic nature requires lifelong management which is expensive for the patient and the country as well. The covid-19 pandemic has also revealed non-communicable to be a major weakness of human beings since it resulted in many deaths due to underlying conditions. Therefore, a need for prevention is essential.
Country United States  Canada
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue Adopted prevention of non-communicable disease through education, institution, and public-private partnership. The government has a special institution that focuses on each specific issue such as diabetes association, cancer centers, and cardiovascular diseases (Bhattacharya, Juyal, Hossain & Singh, 2020). The government through mass communication emphasizes the issue and provision of information through the center for disease control. The country adopts the policy of research, support, and collaborative initiative for the affected people (Milsom, Smith, Baker & Walls, 2021).
What are the strengths of this policy? The policy of adopting and focusing on medical research is to bring solutions that will help only solve the problem. The public-private partnership ensures medical equipment and drugs needed are subsidized for patients. In Canada, the education of the public is the primary focus that will help prevent non-communicable diseases. The sharing of ideas and understanding the non-communicable disease by population is the primary focus (Milsom, Smith, Baker & Walls, 2021).
What are the weaknesses of this policy? The major weakness of the dominant policy research is that it is relatively expensive and takes time for medications to be discovered. The subsidies given to specific industries result in complaints from other drug manufacturing firms. Education of masses and the general public take a long period to materialize. This requires the need to have interventions.
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)  The problem of non-communicable disease is mainly attributed to the type of food consumed. The ability to buy and access food is a social determinant that is characterized by a level of education, income, and availability of food. The case of obesity is due to consumption of food that reaches in sugar as compared to a balanced diet. The social determinants in Canada include drug abuse such as smoking and alcohol intake. Also, a high intake of red meat and salt is a major social determinant of health.
How has each country’s government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? The united states have addressed the issue of non-communicable by offering subsidies to insulin, provision of free medical management for non-communicable diseases, and subsiding of cancer treatments. The equality of services has been achieved since the issue is managed by government facilities. The government focuses on the provision of medication equal to all people with standardization of prices and medical costs to all.
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) The policy of research has resulted in the identification of issues that result in non-communicable diseases. For instance, through research, it has been shown that excess weight gain can result in other comorbidities such as high blood pressure and diabetes. This has been replicated across the world to help promote physical practice Through education of the public and having physical exercise the cases of diabetes have been significantly reduced.
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of the nurse in each country. The nurses in the US will be able to educate and make a decision based on the research findings. This will help the patient and the rest of the population to reduce the incidences of non-communicable diseases. Through the education of patients, nurses can mitigate this problem effectively.
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) The policies made in the medical arena in the country should always be in line with the issue of non-communicable diseases. Consequently, a lot of resources are channeled by the government to healthcare as compared to other sectors. The country focuses more on the problem and hence requires more resources both labor, equipment, and money. The country’s budget within healthcare has been shaped by this issue.
General Notes/Comments The policy has resulted in significant management of non-communicable causes. The policy helps reduce new cases and promotes effective management of the existing ones.

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Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

Evidence-based practices are the basis of mitigating the problem of non-communicable diseases. The social change needed within the medical community as far as the issue of non-communicable disease is a concern is the use of evidence-based practices. The problem of non-communicable disease is not the same as a vector-borne disease which requires stopping the vector or the agent itself but requires prevention of the onset of the condition (Akseer et al., 2020). This evidence-practice includes having regular physical exercises, reduce intake of alcohol, and cessation of smoking. In the nutritional realm, the need to reduce the high intake of calories is essential as well as embracing a balanced diet. The country should be able to subsidize healthy food such as fruits, vegetables, and approved sources of proteins. World health organization’s guidelines should be promoted and adhered to to ensure good health and safety for all people.

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Conclusion

Conclusively, the issue of non-communicable disease is a major global problem in the arena of health. The best policies that remain viable are the prevention and management of existing cases. US and Canada are two examples of countries that strive to overcome the problem of non-communicable disease through various policies. This is a long way impact how other countries will mitigate this problem of non-communicable diseases.

References

Akseer, N., Mehta, S., Wigle, J., Chera, R., Brickman, Z. J., Al-Gashm, S., … & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Non-communicable diseases among adolescents: current status, determinants, interventions and policies. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-20. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-020-09988-5

Bhattacharya, S., Juyal, R., Hossain, M. M., & Singh, A. (2020). Non-communicable diseases viewed as “collateral damage” of our decisions: Fixing accountabilities and finding sloutions in primary care settings. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(5), 2176. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7380828/

Milsom, P., Smith, R., Baker, P., & Walls, H. (2021). Corporate power and the international trade regime preventing progressive policy action on non-communicable diseases: a realist review. Health policy and planning, 36(4), 493-508. https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/36/4/493/6024433

World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). Global health agenda. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from http://www.who.int/about/vision/global_health_agenda/en/

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been actively involved in promoting and protecting the health of populations globally. Thus, WHO interventions focus on all areas of the global healthcare spectrum to address global health issues. Global health issues usually necessitate worldwide cooperation in response, planning, prevention, preparedness, and management that display health equity issues among countries (Da Silva Fagundes et al.,2018). The purpose of this paper is to discuss a global health issue and health policies enacted to address the issue in the US versus Australia.

Global Healthcare Issue  Access to COVID-19 tests, medicines, and vaccines 
Description Any Covid-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines developed should benefit the whole world.Equitable access to Covid-19 tests, medicines, and vaccines means that:ü  They are available to people who need them most.ü  They have suitable options for all healthcare settings.ü  Safe and effective options are accessed by all groups of people.ü  They are affordable to low- and high-income countries alike.
Country United States  Australia
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue Ø  The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act.·         The policy requires group health plans and individual health insurance policies to cover any qualifying COVID-19 preventive service, without cost-sharing.·         The policy also adds that COVID-19 tests are to be covered without cost-sharing by private insurance and Medicare, even if that test is yet to receive FDA emergency use authorization (Moss et al., 2020).·         Medicaid must also cover COVID tests regardless of whether they are authorized for emergency use by the FDA. Ø  Australian COVID-19 Vaccination Policy.

  • The policy states that the COVID-19 vaccine will be free for all Medicare-eligible Australians and all visa-holders, excluding visa sub-classes.
  • When COVID-19 vaccines are available, supplies will initially be limited and directed toward priority groups for vaccination (Attwell et al., 2021).
What are the strengths of this policy? ·         The policy expands Medicaid coverage and increases access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines to US citizens. ·         The policy supports early access to and delivery of safe and effective COVID-19 treatments and vaccines as soon as they become available (Attwell et al., 2021).
What are the weaknesses of this policy? ·         The policy does not consider individuals without health insurance or have a provision to increase access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines for the uninsured (Moss et al., 2020). ·         The policy requires mandatory vaccination for a majority of occupations and workforces, which is against individuals’ right to autonomy (Attwell et al., 2021).
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples) ·         Individuals with limited access to healthcare due to lack of insurance may lack access to COVID-19 tests, medications, and vaccines.·         Thus, they may experience poor health outcomes due to delayed diagnosis and treatment or lack of vaccination (Paremoer et al., 2021). ·         Individuals with limited access to healthcare due to lack of insurance may lack access to COVID-19 tests, medications, and vaccines (Paremoer et al., 2021).·         Thus, they may experience poor health outcomes due to delayed diagnosis and treatment or lack of vaccination.
How has each country government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? ·         The US provides consumer protections on balance billing for COVID-19 tests.·         The government has increased some Medicare payments for treating patients with COVID-19 (Lukens et al., 2022).·         It increases access by requiring coverage of any COVID-19 vaccine without cost-sharing. ·         The Australian government has given a directive that charges should not be levied on consumers for COVID-19 immunization (Attwell et al., 2021).
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) ·         The health policy has increased access to healthcare for COVID-19 patients.·         The policy successfully improved access to critical services, prevented coverage loss, increased continuity of coverage, and made coverage more affordable when Americans needed it most. ·         The policy promoted equity in access to COVID-19 treatments and vaccines.·         Thus, the people who needed the vaccines most, such as healthcare workers and vulnerable populations, received the vaccine first.
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country. ·         The nurse has the role of ensuring that individuals are tested for COVID-19 and receive appropriate treatments and vaccinations regardless of their insurance status (Da Silva Fagundes et al., 2018).·         Adequate treatment of persons with COVID-19 is essential since it controls the spread of the virus, lowering the number of new cases. ·         The nurse has the role of ensuring that individuals are tested for COVID-19 and receive appropriate treatments and vaccinations regardless of their insurance status (Da Silva Fagundes et al., 2018).·         Adequate treatment of persons with COVID-19 is essential since it controls the spread of the virus, lowering the number of newly infected cases.
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) ·         Global health issues strain local healthcare organizations in the US, leading to poor coordination and delivery of healthcare services.·         Healthcare organizations often encounter challenges in workforce and finances when there are pandemics like the COVID-19 pandemic. ·         Global health issues create a significant financial strain on local health organizations in Australia.·         Many resources are channeled towards managing the adverse effects caused by the health issue, including treatment and rehabilitation.·         The state and local governments are forced to create or modify health policies to direct the response to global health issues.
General Notes/Comments ·         The CARES Act promotes health equity in the access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccinations since any insurance provides coverage without cost sharing. ·         The COVID-19 vaccine was the best approach to protect the Australian community.·         The policy aimed to promote early access to and delivery of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and treatments for all Australians.

Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

Access to COVID-19 tests, medicines, and vaccines is one sure way of controlling the COVID-19 spread and fighting the pandemic that has taken the lives of hundreds of thousands globally and left the healthcare systems overwhelmed. Thus, it is crucial for healthcare advocates to direct their advocacy initiatives to ensure health equity and accessibility for tests, treatments, and vaccines for COVID-19. Advocacy initiatives should champion policies that ensure treatments and vaccines are available for all populations regardless of their insurance status, which is the only way to curb the pandemic.

As a nurse leader, I have the role of championing health equity in the COVID-19 vaccination to ensure all individuals access vaccines in the fight against the pandemic. For example, I can take part in developing policies and presenting them to elected legislators to address the challenges faced by individuals in accessing COVID-19 treatment and vaccines. I can propose and champion a policy that provides free treatment and vaccines for all citizens (Da Silva Fagundes et al., 2018). The policy can also include vaccination outreach programs to increase accessibility to vaccines, especially for people living in remote areas with limited transportation options. In addition, I can organize community education programs to educate individuals about COVID-19 vaccines and the importance of getting vaccinated to control the spread of the disease.

Incorporating a global perspective may significantly impact my local practice since there will be increased access to healthcare for the patient populations served, thus resulting in better healthcare outcomes. It will also lower the spread of communicable diseases like COVID-19 infections and reduce the health complications, morbidities, and mortalities associated with these infections, thus reducing related healthcare costs (Da Silva Fagundes et al., 2018). This will promote social change since more people will be aware of approaches to reduce the spread of communicable diseases like vaccination. Thus, they may embrace other vaccinations, like Influenza vaccines which will lower the burden of infectious diseases.

Conclusion

Access to COVID-19 tests, medicines, and vaccines is a global health issue since this plays a key role in curbing the pandemic. Countries have enacted policies to ensure their citizens access tests, treatments, and vaccines, which will promote the control of the virus. The US has the CARES act, which promotes access to COVID-19 treatments and vaccines by requiring insurance providers to cover these services without cost sharing. Australia’s COVID-19 vaccination policy directs all individuals to access vaccines at no cost.

References

Attwell, K., Rizzi, M., McKenzie, L., Carlson, S. J., Roberts, L., Tomkinson, S., & Blyth, C. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine Mandates: An Australian attitudinal study. Vaccine, S0264-410X(21)01530-9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.056

Da Silva Fagundes, L., Frota, O. P., & Silva, E. M. (2018). Nursing practices in vaccination: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 8(8), 128-136. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v8n8p128

Lukens, G., Sullivan, J., & Erzouki, F. (2022). COVID Relief Provisions Stabilized Health Coverage, Improved Access and Affordability. CBPP, March, p. 10.

Moss, K., Wexler, A., Dawson, L., Long, M., Kates, J., Cubanski, J., … & Pollitz, K. (2020). The coronavirus aid, relief, and economic security act: Summary of key health provisions. San Francisco: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.

Paremoer, L., Nandi, S., Serag, H., & Baum, F. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health. Bmj, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n129

Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

As a nurse leader, I recognize the importance of incorporating a global perspective into my local practice to address global health issues and improve health outcomes for patients. To do so, I would advocate for the following:

  • Collaboration with International Partners: As a nurse leader, I would work with international partners to share best practices and develop innovative solutions to address global health issues. Collaboration with organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Doctors Without Borders can help facilitate the exchange of information and resources needed to tackle global health challenges.
  • Increase Awareness and Education: I would advocate for increasing awareness and education about global health issues among healthcare providers and patients in my local community. By educating healthcare providers and patients about global health issues, we can create a culture that values and prioritizes health equity and access to healthcare services.
  • Advocacy and Policy Change: I would advocate for policy change at the local and national level to improve access to healthcare services and address the social determinants of health that contribute to global health issues. This could include advocating for increased funding for public health initiatives, expanding access to healthcare services, and addressing the root causes of health disparities.

The incorporation of a global perspective into my local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change by promoting health equity and addressing the social determinants of health that contribute to global health issues. By working to eliminate health disparities, we can create a more just and equitable society. For example, by advocating for policy change to address the root causes of health disparities in underserved communities, we can help to reduce the burden of communicable diseases and improve access to healthcare services. Overall, incorporating a global perspective into my local practice as a nurse leader can help to create a healthier and more equitable world.

HIV/AIDS is one of the health problems that are of concern to public health globally. HIV/AIDs is associated with significant burden to the patients, their significant others and the population as a whole. The effect of HIV/AIDS can be seen from the high cost associated with its treatment as well as loss of productivity in the affected populations. HIV/AIDs also has significant effects on the overall socioeconomic development in a state. Therefore, this paper compares the policy approaches adopted to address HIV/AIDs in the USA and Canada.

Global Healthcare Issue  HIV/AIDS
Description HIV/AIDS is one of the health problems that are affecting a significant proportion of population globally. The treatment of HIV/AIDs has been improving over the past years with better outcomes due to technological advancements and new interventions for the disease. HIV/AIDS is a problem experienced in both the US and Canada. Statistics shows that about 1.2 million people in America have HIV/AIDS. The prevalence is reported to be high in specific groups such as ethnic minorities when compared to the native populations (hiv.gov, 2021). In Canada, the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS is reported to be 6 per every 100000 people. The estimated number of people living with HIV is 62050 (Haddad et al., 2019). The burden of HIV/AIDs is significantly high in both governments. As a result, they have embraced policies that aim at improving the safety, quality, and access to care for people affected by HIV/AIDS.
Country United States  Canada
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue The US government has embraced a number of interventions to address the issue of HIV/AIDs. It adopted the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for use in implementing response and management of the epidemic. Through the strategy, the US government has increased its funding on programs that aim at addressing the disease. It has also increase its screening services to facilitate the early diagnosis and treatment of patients. The government has also increased the access to healthcare for patients with HIV/AIDs through programs such as Medicare and Medicaid (Panagiotoglou et al., 2018). The government of Canada has also invested its resources in initiatives that aim at the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDs. The government through its initiatives supports programs that aim at creating awareness in the population about HIV/AIDs. The government also works closely with other agencies to empower the populations address the issue of HIV/AIDs (Bourgeois et al., 2017).
What are the strengths of this policy? One of the strengths of the policy adopted by the US to address HIV/AIDs is its focus on disease prevention and early management. The policy also addresses barriers to healthcare for patients with HIV. It also promotes health promotion through early diagnosis and treatment (Beyrer, 2021). The policy by the Canadian government is associated with the strength of promoting population empowerment. It also mobilizes the use of the locally available resources to address issues related to HIV/AIDs. There is also the increased focus on community participation in addressing the health issue (Haddad et al., 2018).
What are the weaknesses of this policy? The policy strategy utilized in the US does not account for the actual unmet needs of the populations affected by HIV/AIDS. The policy also ignores the critical resources that are needed for the effective management of the epidemic. Lastly, the approach to funding the implementation of strategies is not provided. Therefore, it might be difficult to implement most of the strategies to address HIV/AIDS. The policy of HIV/AIDS management in Canada has the weakness of providing a comprehensive analysis of the sustainability of HIV/AIDS prevention and management strategies. It also lacks an effective framework for continuous improvement of the policy provisions.
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples) Social determinants of health may affect HIV/AIDS management and prevention in the US in a number of ways. Social determinants such as socioeconomic status affect access to high quality care among the affected populations. People with high socioeconomic status are likely to access the care that they need to affordability of care when compared to low socioeconomic status. Factors such as ethnicity also affect HIV/AIDS. For example, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is higher in ethnic minority groups such as African Americans when compared to native Americans. Employment status also affects HIV/AIDs. In this case, lack of employment predisposes individuals to engaging in risky sexual behaviors such as prostitution, which predisposes them to HIV/AIDS (Jeffries & Henny, 2019). Income level is one of the social determinants of health that relates to HIV/AIDS in Canada. People with high income experience enhanced health outcomes in relation to HIV/AIDS when compared to low income earners. The level of income influences access and affordability of high quality care. Level of education is the other determinant of health that relates to HIV/AIDS. Level of education influences awareness about the causes, risks, treatment, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. For example, educated populations that are well informed about HIV/AIDS are least likely to engage in practices that predispose them to the epidemic when compared to the illiterate persons. The influence can also  be seen from the utilization of preventive and health promotion services for people living with HIV/AIDS (Gormley et al., 2020).
How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? The US government has addressed issue of cost, quality and access to care for HIV/AIDS patients through programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Patients also have access to free anti-retroviral medications. Testing and counseling for HIV/AIDs for the population are also free. The government also adopted the Affordable Care Act that increased the ability of the population, including those affected by HIV/AIDS to access the care that they need (Panagiotoglou et al., 2018). The government of Canada through its provinces provides partial or full coverage for antiretroviral medications for its affected populations. Through it, the cost-burden of medications is reduced. The government through programs such as Trillum Drug Program also addresses issues of cost, access and quality by covering the costs of medications for the population. Screening services for patients with HIV/AIDs and the population are also free (Gormley et al., 2020).
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) The National HIV/AIDS strategy has increased access to high quality and affordable care for patients affected by HIV/AIDs. The policy has also increased the lifespan of the patients due to reduced complications and worsening of outcomes. The policy has also led to increased productivity among the affected populations due to reduced hospitalization, hospital visits, and costs of care. The policy on increased funding for HIV/AIDS programs adopted by the Canadian government has enhanced access to care for the patients. It has also expanded access to preventive and screening services for the population. It has also addressed barriers to care such as cost that people living with HIV/AIDS experience.
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country. The impact of the policy on the role of the nurses is that nurses have to act as advocates for the people with HIV/AIDS. Nurses have to ensure equity in access to and use of HIV/AIDS-related care and services. They also have to educate the public about the benefits of HIV/AIDs screening, early treatment and prevention strategies (Mottiar & Lodge, 2018). The impact of the policy adopted by the Canadian government on the role of nurses is that nurses have to advocate the adoption of better policies to address the needs of patients with HIV/AIDs. The majority of care services for HIV/AIDs in Canada are not universally covered in government programs for health. The implication is the high cost of care incurred by people with HIV/AIDs. Nurses therefore have the role of advocating the adoption of policies that address barriers to care for people with HIV/AIDS (Mottiar & Lodge, 2018).
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) HIV/AIDS affect local healthcare organizations and policies in America. HIV/AIDs cause significant burden to the affected populations in America. It also contributes to high expenditure by the state in addressing the needs of the affected populations. It also affects policies by increasing the need for policy provisions that expand access to care for the affected populations. For example, besides the Affordable Care Act, Medicare, and Medicaid, the state has to adopt new policies or policy improvements to address the social determinants of health in populations affected by HIV/AIDS (hiv.gov, 2021). HIV/AIDS also affects local healthcare organizations and policies in Canada. An increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDs results in increased care needs and workload in healthcare organizations. It also increases the burden of the disease to the patients and significant others due to issues such as costs and loss of productivity. As noted earlier, Canada does not have universal coverage programs for HIV/AIDs patients. As a result, it increases the need for the adoption of more inclusive policies for HIV/AIDs in the state (Bourgeois et al., 2017).
General Notes/Comments

Conclusion

In conclusion, HIV/AIDs is an issue of concern for both the US and Canada. The US and Canada have adopted policies aiming at improving quality, cost and access to care for HIV/AIDs. The policies have a number of strengths as well as weaknesses. Nurses have a unique responsibility of ensuring that the policies adopted address the barriers to care experienced by patients with HIV/AIDs. Therefore, they should advocate the prioritization of the care needs of people with HIV/AIDs in policy-related issues.

Part 2

An effective plan of social change to address HIV/AIDS locally and internationally is embracing multi-sectorial and stakeholder interventions for health. The interventions should adopt the global perspective because of their ability to promote inclusiveness in care as well as the realization of care needs of the diverse patient populations. I would therefore advocate the incorporation of global perspectives into my practice and role as a nurse through a number of ways. One of them is through creation of awareness. I will work with other nurses to create awareness among healthcare providers on the importance of global perspective. I will also link nurses with other nurses globally for them to share ideas on the ways in which enhanced health outcomes can be achieved in HIV/AIDS management. I will also champion the use of globally recognized, evidence-based interventions in addressing HIV/AIDS (Catton, 2020). Through the above interventions, I will be advocating the use of global perspective in my practice as a nurse leader.

The incorporation of the global perspective in addressing HIV/AIDS may impact my local practice and as a nurse leader. Firstly, global perspective builds the desired cultural competence in nurses and nurse leaders. It enables them to understand the unique approaches to care that can be used in their practice to improve outcomes of care. Global perspective also advances the knowledge, skills, and experience of nurses and nurse leaders. Nurses and nurse leaders learn about new aspects of practice that can be used to advance patient care. Global perspective also strengthens system understanding of the nurses and nurse leaders. Nurses understand the critical determinants of inter-professional and international relationships that should be incorporated into care for optimum outcomes (Yatsu & Saeki, 2021).

Incorporation of global perspective into my local practice as a nurse leader contributes to social change. Firstly, it increases the cultural competence that I need in working with patients and individuals from diverse backgrounds. The global lens also strengthens my understanding of the system and structural changes that are needed in nursing practice to address the needs of the diverse populations. For example, it increases my understanding of interventions such as research, innovation, and evidence-based practice in addressing global issues affecting health. Therefore, the understanding is a critical source of social change in my practice.

References

Beyrer, C. (2021). Work undone—HIV/AIDS in the USA. Science, 372(6549), 1369–1369. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk0619

Bourgeois, A., Edmunds, M., Awan, A., Jonah, L., Varsaneux, O., & Siu, W. (2017). HIV in Canada—Surveillance Report, 2016. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 43(12), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v43i12a01

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Global Health Comparison Grid 

Substance use disorders emanating from substance are a major public health concern for many healthcare systems across the world. Mental health providers like psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNPs) must understand the different policies instituted by various governments across the world to deal with the opioid epidemic. The opioid epidemic is one of the greatest public health issues in the United States and different interventions at the federal have not been successful in dealing with the problem. In their study, Lim et al. (2022) assert that there is need for development of a national policy on the opioid crisis. In Canada, the Canadian federal government has instituted policy interventions to deal with the opioid crisis. The purpose of this comparison grid paper is to compare these policies and their efficacy in addressing the health care problem of the opioid epidemic. In its second part, the paper addresses use of social change approach to addressing the opioid epidemic. The paper explores the use of global lens in addressing the issue and provides a narrative statement.  

Global Healthcare Issue   Opioid Epidemic  
Description  The opioid epidemic has led to increased opioid medication prescriptions resulting in widespread misuse of both prescription and non-prescription opioid as demonstrated by addiction, overdose, and abuse. The World Health Organization (2021) asserts that close to 5.6% of the world population use opioids and opiates. About ten percent of this population suffer from opioid use disorders comprising of dependence on prescription opioids, manufactured heroin and other associated substances. Again, millions of individuals across the world die each year because of direct effects of the epidemic with a significant part reporting pharmacological effects like respiratory depression. These individuals also fail to access treatment interventions despite their availability. According to WHO (2021), only ten percent of individuals who require such treatment get it because of different issues like stigmatization and limited resources, including insufficient number of personnel dealing with the treatment interventions for those impacted by the opioid crisis and require mental and psychiatric health interventions.  
Country  United States   Canada 
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue  The United States has policies at state and federal government levels focused on addressing the opioid crisis. At the federal level, the country has multiple policies based on recent legislations to improving funding and resources to encounter the opioid crisis. These laws focus on lowering the demand for and supply of opioids and reducing their harm. The policies include the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016 (CARA), the 21st Century Cures Act, and the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment (SUPPORT) for Patients and Communities Act. These laws’ aim is to address the crisis using strategies focused on demand, supply, and harm (CBO, 2022). These strategies include expanding prevention efforts like training health care practitioners on best practices in prescribing opioids and management of pain. These policies also expand the eligibility for federally subsidized insurance aimed at enhancing access to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). Those focused on reduction in supply of prescription opioids among patients and prescribers entail improved oversight of the drugs and curbing the distribution of illegally produced ones (Mutter et al., 2022). The policies aimed at reducing harm entail improving access to overdose reversal drugs.   The Canadian government has also adapted a multi-thronged approach to dealing with the opioid crisis within its borders. The approach focuses on public health response through prevention, treatment, harm reduction and enforcement to deter supply through illegal channels, especially across its border with the United States. The federal actions on opioids include funding of projects to address the issues of supply, harm, treatment and enforcement, increasing access to treatment and providing awareness as part of the prevention and enforcement actions. According to the government, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 and its devastating effects in 2020 and 2021 meant that more people abused opioids leading to a rise in overdose mortality, hospitalizations, and emergency medical calls. Under the Controlled Drugs and Substance Act (CDSA), the government reduced punitive measures for individuals possessing drugs at personal level, particularly up to 2.5 grams of opioids, cocaine and a combination of any of these drugs (Government of Canada, 2022). The interventions also include providing education and awareness for men working in trades to reduce the overdose crisis and promote help-seeking and link to resources as well as support.  
What are the strengths of this policy?  The strategies based on the three policies have several strengths for the healthcare system and the affected individuals. These include reducing harm for those suffering from opioids, targeting prevention interventions and leveraging extensive government resources. The three policies are also keen on using evidence-based practices emanating from research findings to tackle the opioid epidemic. The three policies also acknowledge the importance of having a multifaceted approach that starts with addressing supply, reducing harm, and restoration or recovery of the affected individuals. Furthermore, these policies require integration and cooperation of multiple agencies and stakeholders in the healthcare sector at both state and federal levels.   These approaches are effective because they are multi-faceted meaning that they target implementing diverse interventions to address the opioid use crisis. The approach is also effective because the government funds it at over $800 million. Through this intervention, the federal government allocates resources to community organizations for initiatives through the Substance Use and Addictions Program (Government of Canada, 2022). The implication is that the initiative or policies focus on leveraging evidence-based practice (EBP), and keen on having a collaborative approach. They also appreciate the need to address access to illegal opioids through effective enforcement.  
What are the weaknesses of this policy?  The policies are broad and require extensive resources in terms of personal and funding. Being enacted at the federal level implies that much of the resources will come from the national government and not state government. However, effective policies require state governments to play a significant role in their implementation (Humphreys et al., 2020).  These policies rely on government funding which makes it difficult and bureaucratic to alter some of the details and components if a need arises.   Conversely, the programs rely mainly on government funding without the participation of other stakeholders, especially nongovernmental players (Lee et al., 2021). These interventions also increase and make the opioid trade more lucrative with many never minding the negative effects of arrests and punitive fines.  
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)   Social determinants of health (SDOH) are factors that impact one’s perspective and access to healthcare services. These include income, socioeconomic status, education, and the neighborhood. These factors impact the opioid crisis since they limit one’s access to health through which they can enhance their knowledge about aspects of opioid epidemic and lead to controlled and safe utilization. Again, through social support, stakeholders can identify opioid abuse in early stages and provide treatment interventions (Lee et al., 2021). Physical environment and neighborhood influence the availability and access to opioids, especially through illegal drugs’ supply. The socioeconomic status also determines if one can access opioids and if they can participate in illegal trade of opioids as a source of income.   Social determinants of health (SDOH) are factors that impact one’s perspective and access to healthcare services. These include income, socioeconomic status, education, and the neighborhood. These factors impact the opioid crisis since they limit one’s access to health through which they can enhance their knowledge about aspects of opioid epidemic and lead to controlled and safe utilization. Again, through social support, stakeholders can identify opioid abuse in early stages and provide treatment interventions (Lisa & Jessica, 2018). Physical environment and neighborhood influence the availability and access to opioids, especially through illegal drugs’ supply. The socioeconomic status also determines if one can access opioids and if they can participate in illegal trade of opioids as a source of income.  
How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue?  These policies ensure that the federal government funds the preventive, treatment, harm reduction and enforcement activities. As such, individuals suffering from the opioid crisis and their families as well as communities can access services at no cost. The reforms in the healthcare also means that the federal government include mental health and substance use services as part of the package for those enrolled in the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The services offered must meet quality standards and metrics, especially by leveraging evidence-based practice (EBP). The system also embraces referrals of individuals from one facility to another to enhance access.   The multi-faceted approach ensures that the federal government funds all areas of the programs, from prevention to treatment, harm reduction and enforcement. Through this approach, Canadians suffering from opioid addiction can access quality services at no cost (Lisa & Jessica, 2018). The providers also leverage evidence-based practice (EBP) interventions to offer quality care services, including referrals.  
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples)  Opioid epidemic policies in the U.S have impacted the health of the global population in several ways that include effective enforcement to reduce supply of opioids and even illegal drugs in other countries. Statistics indicate that these interventions have led to a reduction in overdose deaths by close to 2% across the U.S. and this affects the world population’s vulnerability to opioids and opioid-related conditions, especially death (Lee et al., 2021).   These policies have had significant impact on the global population as they imply that the vulnerability to opioid and related conditions as well as adverse events are addressed through better interventions.  
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country.  The policy enhances the role of nurses in the U.S. as it means that they specialize in mental health care to bridge the gap created by the current nursing shortage and required mental health practitioners. As patient advocates and care providers, nurses have increased role to offer education and awareness campaign to reduce the impact of the epidemic on communities and patient populations.   The policy enhances the role of nurses in Canada as it means that they specialize in mental health care to bridge the gap created by the current nursing shortage and required mental health practitioners (Lisa & Jessica, 2018). As patient advocates and care providers, nurses have increased role to offer education and awareness campaign to reduce the impact of the epidemic on communities and patient populations 
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples)  Global health issues like the opioid crisis impact local healthcare organizations and policies in several ways (Rao et al., 2021). These include the need for collaboration with all stakeholders, increased investment in prevention, education and awareness and treatment efforts.    

 

 Global health issues like the opioid crisis impact local healthcare organizations and policies in several ways. These include the need for collaboration with all stakeholders, increased investment in prevention, education and awareness and treatment efforts. 
General Notes/Comments  The multi-thronged approach is essential and commendable in ensuring that the United States addresses the opioid crisis. Increased collaboration and state participation would be critical in helping attain the set objectives of the policies.   The Canadian federal government is keen on implementing policies that will address the opioid crisis from stakeholders. The policies are based on evidence and would help the country to reduce the effects of the opioid epidemic in the long-term.  

 

Part 2: Plan for Social Change  

Nurses are patient and healthcare advocates who champion changes in care delivery and access to health care services for different individuals and patient populations. Social change entails making efforts to improve welfare of patients through effective delivery of care and incorporation of best practices based on research evidence. The social change that integrates a global perspective or lens implies that a nurse considers health issues in their community as part of a global health problem (Rao et al., 2021). For instance, the opioid epidemic is a public health issue that affects the global healthcare system due to the cost burden associated with the treatment and rehabilitation of those involved.  

The incorporation of a global perspective or lens into local practice and role as a nurse means considering the global issues that lead to the problem and identifying their presence in the local area. This implies that one must be an advocate for change and provide awareness to the community about the condition. Again, the role changes as one gets involved in campaign to address the issue and this increases the responsibilities of the nurse as a patient educator (Mutter & Duchovny, 2022) The incorporation of a global perspective impacts local practice and role as a nurse leader meaning that one must provide direction and lead change in their setting.  

The incorporation of a global perspective or lens into local practice as a nurse leader represents change as it means that one uses the best practices from other areas to implement changes in their practice to improve access to healthcare for the health population suffering from the opioid epidemic. It also contributes to social change as it implies that the nurse should be a change agent and seek best social practices to reduce the prevalence of the epidemic. For instance, collaborating with local public health officials and policymakers to develop and implement evidence-based practice interventions like efforts to reduce harm and improve access to mental health services as part of the recovery efforts for those suffering from opioid use disorder (OUD).  

Conclusion 

The opioid epidemic remains a critical healthcare issue in the U.S. and even Canada with the two governments developing policies to address the problem. The opioid policies in the two countries demonstrate efforts to counter the increasing prevalence and implementation of best practices to address the issue at national, state, province and even territorial levels. Through these policies nurses and nurse leaders can integrate a global perspective or lens into their practice settings to address the opioid epidemic and improve access to psychiatric mental health services for those with opioid use disorder (OUD).   

References 

Congressional Budget Office (CBO) (2022). The opioid crisis and recent federal policy responses.  

https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2022-09/58221-opioid-crisis.pdf 

Government of Canada (2022 December). Federal actions on opioids to date.  

https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/opioids/federal-actions/overview.html.  

Humphreys, K., Caulkins, J. P. & Felbab-Brown, V. (2020 January 13). What the US and Canada can learn from other  

countries to combat the opioid crisis. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/01/13/what-the-us-and-canada-can-learn-from-other-countries-to-combat-the-opioid-crisis/ 

Lee, B., Zhao, W., Yang, K. C., Ahn, Y. Y., & Perry, B. L. (2021). Systematic evaluation of state policy interventions  

targeting the US opioid epidemic, 2007-2018. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), e2036687-e2036687. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36687 

Lim, T. Y., Stringfellow, E. J., Stafford, C. A., DiGennaro, C., Homer, J. B., Wakeland, W., … & Jalali, M. S. (2022).  

Modeling the evolution of the US opioid crisis for national policy development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(23), e2115714119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211571411 

Lisa, B., & Jessica, H. (2018). Evidence synthesis-The opioid crisis in Canada: A national perspective. Health Promotion  

And Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy And Practice, 38(6), 224. doi: 10.24095/hpcdp.38.6.02 

Mutter, R. & Duchovny, N. (2022 December 13). Recent federal responses to the opioid crisis. New England Journal of  

Medicine (NEJM) Catalyst. https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.22.0345 

Rao, I. J., Humphreys, K., & Brandeau, M. L. (2021). Effectiveness of policies for addressing the US opioid epidemic: A  

model-based analysis from the Stanford-Lancet Commission on the North American Opioid Crisis. The Lancet Regional Health-Americas, 3, 100031. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2021.100031 

World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). Opioid overdose.  

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose 

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