NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

 Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each-Step -By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each Included After Question

Topic 4 DQ 2

Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Title: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

The re-post is to include my second EB article thank you.

There are several levels of strategies or research that can be used to determine the effectiveness of  evidence. The level is based on how it will be impacted by biases and its outcomes (Glasofer & Townsend, 2019).

The highest level 1 of research technique would use RCT, Systematic Review, and Meta Analysis. These have been noted to provide the best evidence. If used together it has an even stronger effectiveness (NOVA, 2021). These types of studies would be good for cause and evaluate the effect.

The next level 2 may involve Quasi experimental and Systematic Review, but it may be missing a criteria that would be found when doing an experimental research. This type of research does not have the same strength but can be used for comparison research like a pre and posttest effect (Glasofer & Townsend, 2019).

Level 3 is considered Non-experimental with no manipulation of the variables. This level can use Systematic Review, RCT and Meta Analysis but it is not required (Glasofer & Townsend, 2020)1. It can also be called observation research; the researcher observes but does not have an intervention. This type of research could be used to see the effect something has. They may ask the group to write a daily occurrence to see the effect. In this research area the researcher could use, case -control -look at a condition and compare with someone who does not have that condition (Glasofer & Townsend, 2020)1.

In level 4 the researcher is using opinions or statements. These could be found in clinical practice guidelines, position or consensus statements. The guideline is tested and reviewed by experts, consensus and position statements are as well but also go through peer reviews and are limited (Glasofer & Townsend, 2020)2. These options may not have the same quality as the levels before them. However, they are good for comparison information when looking for evidence-based documentation.

The last level 5 and has the least quality of evidence is Literature Review which does not have set standards. Literature Review can give a helpful summary of information but should be used with caution (Glasofer & Townsend, 2020)2. This type of research could be used if you are just wanting to know more about a topic, but it is not peer reviewed and may have high bias.

NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Levels 1,2 and 3 are the best for obtaining evidence-based practice research information that may provide outcomes to improve healthcare and nursing interventions. An article by Gronning et al., (2022) conducted a study to support the importance of nursing students learning about evidence-based practice. Showing how to incorporate evidence-based information into their work and having the latest knowledge. They learned the importance of research to improve clinical practice as our patients depend on us having the most accurate and reliable information. Opinions, reviews and literature are good for comparisons and information but not for reliability as opinions can be wrong.

References:

Glasofer, A., Townsend, A. B., (2019). Determining the level of evidence. Nursing Critical Care: Volume 14 – Issue 6 – p 22-25, doi: 10.1097/01.CCN.0000580120.03118.1d

Glasofer, A., Townsend, A. B., (2020)1. Determining the level of evidence. Nursing Critical Care: Volume 15 – Issue 1 – p 24-27, doi: 10.1097/01.CCN.0000612856.94212.9b

Glasofer, A., Townsend, A. B., (2020)2. Determining the level of evidence, Nursing Critical Care: Volume 15 – Issue 2 – p 22-26. doi: 10.1097/01.CCN.0000654792.71629.00

Grønning, K., Karlsholm, G., & André, B. (2022). Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Experiences of Conducting Clinical Research Projects in Their Bachelor Theses – a Qualitative Study. SAGE Open Nursing, 1–9. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/23779608221094537

North Virginia Community College (NOVA) (2021, September 27th). Evidence-Based Practice for Health Professionals: Levels of Evidence. LibGuides. https://libguides.nvcc.edu/c.php?g=361218&p=2439383

A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Title: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Research in healthcare is the standard behind practice change and improvements in patient care. As new researchers, one may feel that their impact on nursing is not felt. In actuality, participation in research progresses over time allowing a greater impact on patients, but also interprofessionally. With the inclusion of learning and research in nursing, learning environments help develop new practices and enhance engagement (Nasrabadi et al., 2021). The image below details how the effect of research is originally felt at the organizational level and leads to influences on healthcare policies. With further research, there are changes in health systems, which lead to societal and economic changes. Therefore, as nurses, and as researchers, we must acknowledge that our research is needed and that it is equally effective.  As a nurse, we are learning new techniques and practices regularly. Nasrabadi et al. (2021) discuss the importance of EBP in nursing and how research leads to nurses being lifelong learners.

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Over time, how do you see yourself contributing to research?

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Nasrabadi, A. N., Mohammadi, N., Rooddehghan, Z. , Shabani, A., Bakhshi, F., & Ghorbani, A. (2021). The stakeholders’ perceptions of the requirements of implementing innovative educational approaches in nursing: A qualitative content analysis study. BMC Nursing, 20(131), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00647-7

A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Title: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Dr. Felder, According to Heydari et al. (2014), the evidence-based practice (EBP) approach has the potential to improve healthcare quality and is critical for nurses’ and midwives’ professional growth, responsibilities, and capacities. Furthermore, evidence-based practice can lower the costs associated with inefficient care while also lowering treatment risks for clients and patients in accordance with patient and community expectations of nursing practice. I believe that research leads to nurses being lifelong learners because we want the best for our patients, and therefore, we will do what has been studied to be the best practice to increase positive health outcomes. By continually learning, nurses are able to contribute to positive, quality patient care and outcomes. According to Heydari et al. (2014), few nurses thought they could find enough relevant data to incorporate into their clinical practice since they had not received training and had little experience searching for research evidence. Although nurses were aware of the research process and could use various levels of evidence in clinical practice, they were unfamiliar with the concepts and principles of evidence-based practice. Prior to taking this class, I was unaware of the existence of many evidence-based procedures and had no idea how to obtain information about them. However, I feel that this research class has shown me how essential research is to nursing and nursing care, and I plan to continue studying and searching for the best techniques to include in my nursing practice. I also aim to contribute to research as I get more knowledgeable and comfortable with it, and to be able to perform a study that will help many people.

Reference

Heydari, A., Mazlom, S.R., Ranjbar, H., and Scurlock-Evans, L. (2014). A study of Iranian nurses’ and midwives’ knowledge, attitudes, and implementation of evidence-based practice: The time for change has arrived. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 11(5), 325–331

https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/wvn.12052

Review this chart to understand how the different levels of evidence are measured. This might be helpful in ascertaining the various articles you find for your papers, as well as your discussion posts.

https://howardisms.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/LOEfull.jpeg

Let’s review this video to gain an understanding of levels of research. Remember that viewing this video is optional and is to allow you additional opportunities for participation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=iifoRQV_asE

A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Title: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Research design is studied in many forms, and they are not all “equally effective in determining cause and effect” (Glasofer, 2021). For this reason, “evidence can be organized into hierarchies based on its strength” ( Glasofer, 2021). The John Hopkins hierarchy of evidence is a model of evidence that is measured from the bottom being the weakest and the top of the hierarchy being the strongest. Beginning from the top and working down, level 1 and level 2 are experimental design and quasi-experimental research. Experimental design includes as study that is “retrospective, prospective, or longitudinal studies”( Glasofer, 2021). quasi-experimental design is “systematic reviews and meta-analyses present results by combining and analyzing data from different studies conducted on similar research topics” (Ahn, 2018). Level 3 and level 4 includes non-experimental study and expert opinion. A Non-experimental study there is ” no manipulation of the independent variable, and do not require a control group” ( Glasofer, 2021). Expert opinion is the studies opinion of a professional or a panel of professionals and finally, level 5 is literature review, which is a review of previous research studies by evaluating and comparing the data and determining the outcome.

Evicence Based practice’s goal is to improve patient care, safely, and effectively by evidence found in research. An example of practice change based on level 5, evidence review, was published in Korean Journal of anesthesiology. care based on research on the PICOT “in non-ventilated patients, how does consistent versus inconsistent oral care impact patient outcomes” (Ahn, 2018). Research was 13 articles was reviewed, based on their findings, policies were written to provide guidance to floor nurses providing care. Level 4, expert opinion example could include eliminating pacifiers from all nurseries based on studies conducted by lactation consultants. Change of care by level 3, non-experimental policy change could include a nonsmoking policy based on statistics of lung disease by active smokers. Level 2 quasi-experimental research practice change example could include adding care coordinators to the units to improve long term health outcomes to prevent acute care readmission” (Nembhard, 2020). Finally, an example of level 1 would be changing hand sanitizer on the units by conducting an experimental design comparing 3 brands and excluding the two that eliminate the least germs. The most effective research of all of these examples in level 1, experimental design of hand sanitizer, the outcome is quantitative and evidence by statistical outcome.

Ahn, E., & Kang, H. (2018). Introduction to systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean journal of anesthesiology, 71(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2018.71.2.103

Glasofer, A., & Townsend, A. B. (2021, February 1). Determining the level of evidence: Nonexperimental research designs. Nursing, 51(2). https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000731852.39123.e1

Nembhard, I. M., Buta, E., Lee, Y., Anderson, D., Zlateva, I., & Cleary, P. D. (2020). A quasi-experiment assessing the six-months effects of a nurse care coordination program on patient care experiences and clinician teamwork in community health centers. BMC health services research, 20(1), 137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-4986-0

A Sample Answer 5 For the Assignment: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Title: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Thank you, Jana. I enjoyed how you gave examples of each level of evidence.  Both levels five and four are thorough studies with the most negligible bias outcome due to their random control trials.  The most significant difference I see from levels five and four is the meta-analysis or consistency of multiple studies where the conclusion and data are consistent. Whereas level four has numerous studies (Deaton & Cartwright, 2018).  However, they may not all be conclusive, but the evidence is available, and the studies are adequate. The other levels of research that consist of one to three are great building blocks for the experimental data needed for the RCT studies. Level 3 looks at a specific group of people to collect data and anticipate outcomes before applying it to the larger population.  They are considered well-designed trials without randomization, called quasi-experimental studies.  Here, we assess risk and probability (John Hopkins School of Nursing, 2017). Level two, these are not a relationship to examine in the study, and there is no correlated cause and effect established.  However, level one does not have to be a direct cause and effect. It does not have to be a study (The University of Michigan, 2015).  Just well-developed and nationally known scientists do research via literature or small studies to create a hypothesis or idea supported by science and data.

A Sample Answer 6 For the Assignment: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Title: NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 2 Describe the “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Evidence-based practice helps to solve problems in clinical practice to provide the best evidence for the patient and the clinical decisions on patient care and it starts strongest level to the weakest least on the scale (Nurse, 2023). The levels on the evidence-based scale start from the highest most reliable research to the least most reliable research. Level I is systematic and meta-analysis are quantitative research that reviews consistently randomized control trial, and the systematic review tend to do more in-depth assessments of any existing evidence that is directed toward clinical questions and include other quality studies, and the meta-analysis will use statistical methods to bring together any analyze data by involving all the randomized control trials (Nurse, 2023).

An example of a practice change is a researcher testing a medication such as dexamethasone to see if it causes any recurring events such as acute severe migraine headaches in adults. Level II is randomized controlled trials and it is also considered to be one of the strongest levels in clinical research that is on the hierarchy level to be the golden standard in clinical research because it compares one or more treatments, and the participants are assigned in control group treatment or control by chance (Zabor et al., 2020). An example is patients who get a diagnostic bronchoscopy will have better treatment when using a thin bronchoscope and a radial endobronchial ultrasound versus doing the standard bronchoscopy and fluoroscopy for better outcomes (Zabor et al., 2020).

Level III is cohort studies that look to examine through observational study a set of groups of subjects or people over a period of time that are observed to see if the people were exposed or at risk of developing an outcome (Glasofer & Townsend, 2021). An example is nurses exposed to bullying or nurses who are not exposed to bullying caused medication errors (Glasofer & Townsend, 2021). Level IV is a case-control study that uses research from a person’s medical condition that is compared by control from a person without a medical condition (Glasofer & Townsend, 2021). An example is a patient who was diagnosed with colon cancer from eating high-fat food versus a patient who doesn’t have colon cancer and eats high-fat food. Level V is a case report and case series studies fall under the lowest level of evidence. The case report discusses a person or patient disease management and starts to look into investigating the outcome of a rare disease, and the case series will start to document along with doing a follow-up on each subject in the report (Ganesan, 2022).

An example is health care providers or clinicians evaluating a rare disease from a patient who wants to improve the condition or needs more understanding of the disease by using different possibilities with treatment options (Ganesan, 2022). An example was at the time patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma in homosexual men had led identifying HIV diagnosis (Ganesan, 2022). Level VI is at the weakest level in evidence research is expert opinion and background information this is when experts and professionals have information as evidence from their professional expertise and opinions and certain novels, books, and encyclopedias provide general information, and the background information is needed for a simple easy outline of a summary but this type of literature tends to take a long time to published and research it not present (Northern Virginia Community College [NVCC], 2023). An example is nurses reading a publishing book from an expert opinion in regards to patients getting support from acute respiratory distress syndrome (Glasofer & Townsend, 2021). The last level VII is animal research and lab studies, this is also at the lowest level of evidence and ideas and research from a laboratory can be performed in therapy and also from diagnostics that need to be tested from animals and lab tests (NVCC, 2023). An example is a laboratory doing research on animals to cure or treat a disease.

Ganesan, P. (2022). How to Write Case Reports and Case Series. International Journal of Advanced Medical and Health Research 9(1), p 55-58. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijamr.ijamr_58_22 

Glasofer, A. & Townsend, B. A. (2021). Determining the level of evidence: Nonexperimental research designs. Nursing 51(2), p 62-65. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000731852.39123.e1

Northern Virginia Community College (2023, October 19). Evidence-Based Practice. https://libguides.nvcc.edu/c.php?g=361218&p=2439383#s-lg-box-7437123

Nurse (2023). Evidence-Based Practice. https://nurse.com/evidence-based-practice

Zabor, E. C., Kaizer, A. M., & Hobbs, B. P. (2020). Randomized Controlled Trials. Chest, 158(1 Suppl), S79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.013