NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

 Grand Canyon University NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY-Step -By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY Included After Question

Topic 2 DQ 2

Select a global health issue affecting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger public health care systems (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). Discuss how health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address global health concerns and some of the stakeholders that work on these issues. 

Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic Resources, will assist you in answering this discussion question.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Title:  NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that attacks the body’s immune system, more specifically the white blood cells, and is a global health issue. HIV destroys the white blood cells which makes a person’s immune system weak so they cannot fight against opportunistic infections like tuberculosis, bacterial, or fungal infections and even some cancers. It is important that anyone who is t risk for HIV be tested. Those at increased risk of acquiring it should seek effective prevention, testing and treatment services. Antiretroviral treatment should be offered and used as soon as possible after diagnosis. A test can be done to measure the viral load. If the treatment is taken consistently, it can also prevent HIV transmission to others. The CD4 count is assesses to check a person’s immune status and it monitors the progression (World Health Organization, 2021).

HIV is a deadly virus that is spread by sex or sharing needles. A mother can pass HIV to her child, which is called perinatal transmission (CDC, 2020). HIV must be addressed globally. There were about 38 million people worldwide living with HIV in 2019 and mor than two-thirds of those live in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV is still the leading cause of death and a health threat to million worldwide. In 2019, about 690,000 people died of AIDS-related reasons and 1.7 million people were newly infected with it (CDC, 2019). Health care systems and stake holders work collaboratively to address HIV. Since this is a global issue, all systems must work together. One individual from one country could spread HIV to another individual in another country. The CDC division of Global HIV works to treat and prevent HIV worldwide. Another organization The World Health Organization (WHO). New cases of infection continue despite global efforts. UNICEF works in over 190 countries to protect the rights of children. They work on addressing structural factors, poverty, lack of education, and violence that put people especially adolescent girls at risk for HIV (UNICEF, 2019). Public health nurses play an important role in the fight on HIV. They work to follow guidelines on prevention, education, testing, and treatment.

Select a global health issue affecting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger public health care systems (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). Discuss how health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address global health concerns and some of the stakeholders that work on these issues. NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2

Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.

A global health issue affecting the international health community is cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially heart disease and stroke. According to WHO (n.d.), about 17 million people die of heart attacks and strokes every year.NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2

Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of these deaths, a risk factor for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (n.d.). A sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating are also risk factors influencing CVDs.

The total burden of CVDs is illustrated in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost meaning healthy years of life lost. The disease burden in men is 6.8% of DALYs lost due to coronary heart disease and 5% by stroke (World Health Organization, n.d.). In women, the burden is 5.3% DALYs due to coronary heart disease and 5.2% due to stroke (World Health Organization, n.d.).

NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2

Globally, the health care costs attributed to smoking-related illnesses lead to US$200 billion per year in a net loss. According to the US CDC (2019), more than 859,000 Americans die of CVDs every year. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the US, while stroke is the fifth leading. The two diseases lead to about $320 billion in health care expenses every year (2019).

The WHO (n.d.) Cardiovascular Program works to bring together organizations that can help prevent these diseases. The World Heart Federation helps people achieve longer and better healthy lives through prevention and control of CVDs in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) (n.d.).

In the United States, the CDC Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP) collaborates with the government, public health, health care, and private sectors to improve prevention, detection, and control of CVD risk factors (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2

Countries across the globe have enacted laws that work to reduce smoking through policies like high taxation, bans, smoke-free areas, and health warnings. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control works to minimize tobacco use in member countries.

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References NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). CDC works to prevent heart disease and stroke and promote heart health. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/heart-disease-stroke.htm

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Cardiovascular disease. https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/resources/atlas/en/NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2

A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Title:  NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

One global health issue that is affecting the international health community, and has been affecting the international health community since its first case in 1981, is HIV. HIV is a virus that is transmitted through certain body fluids that weakens the immune system by destroying cells that fight disease and infection, and can lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, also known as AIDS (Global Health Policy, 2021).

HIV is one of the world’s most serious health and developmental challenges. “Approximately 38 million people are currently living with HIV, and tens of millions of people have died of AIDS-related causes since the beginning of the epidemic” (Global Health Policy, 2021).

Significant progress has been made over the past two decades where the number of people newly infected with HIV and the number of AIDS-related deaths have declined over the years, and the number of those with HIV receiving treatment increased to 25.4 million in 2019 (Global Health policy, 2021). NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2

Although improvements have been made, there are still challenges that continue to complicate HIV control efforts. Many people live with HIV or are at risk due to not having access to prevention, treatment, and care, and there is still no cure (Global Health policy, 2021).

In recent decades, major global efforts have been mounted to address the epidemic, and despite these challenges, significant progress has been made in addressing HIV. International efforts to combat HIV began in the first decade of the epidemic with the creation of the WHO’s Global Programme on AIDS in 1987 (Global Health policy, 2021).

“Under Sustainable Development Goal 3, the global community agreed to aim to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. However, while gains have been made, they have been uneven, and the interim “90-90-90” targets were missed. A United Nations.

high-level meeting reviewing progress toward the 2030 goals will take place in June 2021” (Global Health policy, 2021).

Working together with other countries helps to reduce the vulnerability of the population to illness and works to halt spread of health risks across international borders. “The CDC partners with other U.S. agencies and international organizations to prevent, detect, and respond to any threats regarding global health security; such as ongoing threats like HIV” (Green, 2018).

References:

Green, S. Z. (2018). Community & Public Health: The Future of Health Care. Retrieved from

https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-

care/v1.1/#/chapter/2NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2

The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. (2021, August 9). KFF. https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-global-hivaids-epidemic/

A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Title:  NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Global health issue affecting the international health community

According to World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet, Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 74% of all deaths globally; people of low- and middle-income countries account for three quarters of global NCD deaths (WHO, 2022). 

Modifiable risk factors of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, excess weight and obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cigarette smoking all contribute to heart disease and stroke (Green, 2018). NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2

Poverty is closely linked with NCDs and rapid rise in NCDs is predicted to impede poverty reduction initiatives in low-income countries; this in turn threatens progress toward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development which includes the target of reducing death from NCDs between ages 30 and 70 years by one third by 2020 (WHO, 2022). NCDs prevalence is “expected to increase significantly and may exceed communicable diseases as the most common causes of death worldwide by 2030” (WHO, 2022).The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) promotes, coordinates, and implement activities directed towards prevention on NCDs. They raise political and public awareness, they collaborate with multi-sectors and stakeholders with the aim of promoting policies, programs and services that promote and protect health.

 The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) is a global effort to strengthen the world’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats. For instance, on the eve of the semi-finals of the FIFA World Cup 2022, WHO and football icons rally to score a goal for “Health for All” to build healthier future.

This activity organized by the Education Above All Foundation is an effort to put a spotlight on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good health and well-being (WHO, 2022). In 2020, PAHO developed and launched the initiative RaMPS: Rapid Mobile Phone Surveys as a complementary surveillance to assess policies and interventions on NCDs in adults in countries of the Americas.

Under the United States Government Global Health Security, the CDC works directly with 19 countries to support their progress toward the GHSA targets (CDC, 2022)

References

CDC, (2022). Global Health; Key Achievements of GHSA. Retrieved form https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/resources/factsheets/5-years-of-ghsa.html

WHO (2022). Fact Sheets; Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved, December 13, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases

Who (2022). Universal Health Coverage Day, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022. https://www.who.int/campaigns/universal-health-coverage-day/2022

A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Title:  NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

One of the biggest problems in world health is mental illness. It has an impact on how various people will act, think, or respond to certain circumstances. It also has an impact on many people’s memories. Numerous factors, including insufficient sleep, substance misuse, and some medications, such as painkillers, can cause mental illnesses.

These issues include anxiety disorders, sadness, and mental alteration. These mental illnesses affect a large number of people worldwide. The majority of disorders are anxiety-related and mostly affect young individuals.

Worldwide Health systems around the world have been severely harmed by mental health issues. Historically, it has resulted in increased healthcare expenses. It takes a lot of time and effort to address the psychological issue because there is a shortage of mental health specialists. Again, because of this shortage, many people who are experiencing mental health issues may not have access to treatment in the beginning stages, aggravating their diseases and making them expensive and challenging to treat.

A rise in mental health issues has also been correlated with decreased financing for mental health services. The failure to identify disorders at an early stage presents another difficulty in controlling mental health issues. It can be challenging to tell if someone is nervous or depressed since sometimes it seems normal.

The subject of mental health is being addressed by various health systems. Numerous mental health organizations got together in this instance and expressed appreciation for the funds received from the mental health industry. This involves offering tools and spaces for diagnosing and treating mental health issues.

In order to increase the number of mental health workers, training programs have been introduced. To offer experience and skills with evidence-based practice in the field of mental health, healthcare professionals also work together. By doing this, we hope to solve as many mental health issues as possible and enhance patient care.

Pan American Health Organisation. (n.d.). Mental Health – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization. Www.paho.org. https://www.paho.org/en/topics/mental-health

A Sample Answer 5 For the Assignment: NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Title:  NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Expanding international trade introduces risks, these include global health issues and risks which effect the health of United States either directly or indirectly through outbreaks of foodborne infections, poor quality pharmaceuticals, or contaminated consumer goods (Healthy People, 2021).

The Center for Global Health (CGH) responding when and where health threats arise, working to protect Americans from dangerous and costly public health threats, including COVID-19, vaccine-preventable diseases, HIV, TB, and malaria (Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), 2022).

Malaria has killed billions of people globally over centuries, where according to the latest world malaria report, there was an increase from 241 million cases of malaria in 2020 from 227 million in 2019 (World health organization (WHO), 2021). In 2020, half of the world’s population was at risk of malaria, with infants, children under 5 years of age, pregnant women, immune compromised patients, migrant workers, mobile populations and travelers being in the high-risk population groups (World health organization, 2021). 

Many prevention tools and strategies including effective vector control, which is the use of the two core interventions, the insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), and the use of preventive antimalarial drugs have been tried and used to combat the impact in reducing the global burden of this disease.

Preventive chemotherapies are safe, cost-effective medications used to complement ongoing malaria control activities, including vector control measures, prompt diagnosis of suspected malaria, and treatment of confirmed cases with antimalarial medicines (World health organization, 2021).

Just recently, on 6th October 2021, the CDC who provided technical leadership and advice to the U.S. Global Malaria Coordinator approved the first malaria vaccine (RTS,S/AS01) to be given.

This new intervention is supported by the WHO as it has been shown to significantly reduce malaria, especially among young children, it has therefore been recommended as a broad use RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine among children living in regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission.

 Malaria disease is preventable, but communities, countries and low-income families do not have access to these resources, using evidence-based information and working collaborating to achieve this goal are the following stakeholders, U.S. Global Malaria Coordinator, CDC, USAID in 24 African countries and three programs in the Greater Mekong sub-Region, WHO, including, government, faith leaders, public, community, pharmaceuticals, schools, specialists, and research supporters.

Centers for disease control and prevention. (2022). Global health. https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/index.html 

Healthy People. (2021). Global Health.  Global Health | Healthy People 2020

World Health Organization. (2021). World malaria report. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240040496

A Sample Answer 6 For the Assignment: NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

Title:  NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY

One global health issue that continues to be prevalent is cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the most recent data for cancer is from 2020 and includes 1,603,844 new cases of cancer that have been reported and 602,347 deaths from cancer (CDC, n.d.). This data includes both female and males, all ages, and all races and ethnicities. These statistics are only from the United States, but on a global level cancer is increasing and as of 2020 there were 19.3 million new cases and 10 million cancer-related deaths. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is projected that by 2040 there may be an estimated 28.9 million new cancer cases and 16.2 million deaths that are related to cancer (National Cancer Institute, n.d.).

As health care workers, we can make an impact on this global issue by providing education to our patients, people in our community, and overall getting involved in associations that provide resources for cancer prevention. By providing education to people, nurses can emphasize the importance of proper screening and avoiding carcinogenics and protection from the sun. This is especially more important in areas where people may have less access to health care and poverty levels are lower. This population may be less likely to have insurance and keep up with proper medical visits so they may be at an increased risk of getting cancer. Stakeholders may be influential in providing resources such as events to increase education about cancer so people can receive more information and hopefully provide more prevention.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). USCS data visualizations – CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/#/AtAGlance/

National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Research Areas – Global Health. https://www.cancer.gov/research/areas/global health#:~:text=Cancer%20is%20increasingly%20a%20global,cancer%2Drelated%20deaths%20a%20year.