DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Grand Canyon University DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
After the introduction, move into the main part of the DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action Included After Question
DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2
Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action. Discuss a potential solution for each as well as your role in this issue as the patient advocate.
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DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Title: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
There are several issues that undermine clients’ rights to make genetic and genomic-related
decisions and then take action. Identify two issues that you have seen undermine these rights in
your clinical setting. What are potential solutions for each? What is your role as the patient
advocate with each issue? Explain. Support your rationale with a minimum of two scholarly
sources.
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Genetic and genomic applications are diverse and generalizing about the psychosocial harms of
testing in these areas is challenging. Some interrelated factors about genetic and genomic testing
must be understood. The first regards the characteristics of the genetic variants themselves,
including the likelihood of developing a health condition when the variant is present and the range
of severity in the health outcome when the variant is present. These bear on what risk information
would be conveyed to an individual who has undergone the testing and how serious those results
would be. A second factor concerns the nature of the health condition with which the variant is
associated. It is one thing to test for cystic fibrosis and another to test for type 2 diabetes; each
has its own range of health impacts, prognosis, and prevention or treatment options. The purpose
of the testing is the goal to diagnose an already existing set of symptoms, assess risk for future
disease, facilitate an intervention to prevent a disease from occurring. The context in which the
testing is done is the test being conducted in a clinical setting with an individual who already has a
familial risk for a disease, or is it being applied as a large-scale population screen among
individuals with unknown prior risk. The impact of genetic and genomic testing has examined its
use as a means of predicting and preventing a disease in pre-symptomatic individuals, the testing
is often used to assist in narrowing down or confirming a diagnosis for individuals who are already
experiencing symptoms. In the midst of symptom management and diagnostic processes, there is
less likely to be time to conduct extensive genetic counseling or space for emotional processing by
patients. Therefore, it is valuable to consider how the response of symptomatic patients to genetic
and genomic testing may differ from other testing contexts American Society of Human
Genetics,2020).
Genetic testing can provide only limited information about an inherited condition. The test often
cannot determine if a person will show symptoms of a disorder, how severe the symptoms will be,
or whether the disorder will progress over time. Another major limitation is the lack of treatment
strategies for many genetic disorders once they are diagnosed. Many of the risks associated with
genetic testing involve the emotional, social, or financial consequences of the test results. People
may feel angry, depressed, anxious, or guilty about their results. In some cases, genetic testing
creates tension within a family because the results can reveal information about other family
members in addition to the person who is tested. The possibility of genetic discrimination in
employment or insurance is also a concern (F. Vansenne, P. M. Bossuyt, and C. A. de Borgie,
2019).
References
American Society of Human Genetics, American College of Medical Genetics. (2020). Points to
consider: Ethical, legal, and psychosocial implications of genetic testing in children and
adolescents. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57, 1233-1241.
F. Vansenne, P. M. Bossuyt, and C. A. de Borgie, “Evaluating the Psychological Effects of Genetic
Testing in Symptomatic Patients: A Systematic Review,” Genetic Testing and Molecular
Biomarkers 13 (2019): 555– 63.
A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Title: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Thanks for your post and the enlightenment of these facts. In addition, although genetic
testing can provide important information for diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, there
are limitations. For example, if you’re a healthy person, a positive result from genetic testing
doesn’t always mean you will develop a disease. On the other hand, in some situations, a
negative result doesn’t guarantee that you won’t have a certain disorder. However, talking to a
doctor, a medical geneticist, or a genetic counselor about what the patient will do with the
results is an important step in the process of genetic testing.
Information about genetic and genetic testing needs to be more accessible for
patients. Much of it is either misunderstood or overhyped. Health care providers can help
by presenting information in a clinical context that is relevant to their patients. That clinical
skill will require that providers to be willing to engage their patients in an early and open
dialogue about genetics and that the providers themselves are confident in their own
understanding of the field.
Dougherty, M.J., Lontok, K.S., Donigan, K. et al. The Critical Challenge of Educating the
Public About Genetics. Curr Genet Med Rep 2, 48–55 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40142-014-0037-7
A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Title: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Genetic research studies consider two general categories of ethical and social issues: genetic privacy and discrimination. Genetic privacy concerns also reside within criminal contexts because federal involvement can override the genealogical privacy of criminal suspects and the acquirement of genetic samples (Evans & Jarvik, 2015). The shared genetic information between family members also raises privacy concerns for relatives. The compromise of genetic privacy can ensue should testing companies be allowed the accessibility of your genetic information or if your data is stolen (Evans & Jarvik, 2015). Genetic testing results may impact your ability to obtain life, disability, or long-term care insurance (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017). Furthermore, genetic discrimination can follow through under the circumstances surrounding the differing treatment of either insurance company or employer due to a genealogical mutation responsible for inducing or heightening risks concerning an inherited disorder. Fear of discrimination is a common concern among people considering genetic testing (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017).
GINA, otherwise recognized as “The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act,” is an anti-discrimination law that exempts privacy-related involvement (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017). Moreover, this specific act is a preventative measure for both Medicare supplemental plans and group health. However, this act excludes life, disability, or long-term care plans—from using genetic information to discriminate against you regarding insurance (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017). In addition, title II of GINA prohibits using genetic information to discriminate in employment decisions, such as hiring, firing, and promoting (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017). An Executive Order accompanying GINA acts as a prohibitive measure concerning federal government agencies, which obstructs their ability to obtain gene-related information on either job applicants or employees and utilize similar information for hiring and promotion decisions (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017).
In 2013, HIPAA regulations were amended through the HIPAA Omnibus Rule, enabling the inclusion of genetic information in the definition of Protected Health Information (PHI) (Evans & Jarvik, 2015). Moreover, this specified rule serves as a preventive measure for employing that data for other variants regarding the plan of medical care but not for a long or otherwise lifetime duration (Evans & Jarvik, 2015).
As an advocate, it is essential to increase awareness of genetic testing, awareness of genetic nondiscrimination laws, concern about genetic discrimination in determining life insurance eligibility and cost, and the perceived importance of genetic nondiscrimination laws that address life insurance (Parkman et al., 2015). Continued dialogue regarding how GINA protects the privacy of and guards against the misuse of genetic information obtained through research (Parkman et al., 2015). The law reassures research participants that they can volunteer for studies without it harming their job or health insurance. The growing concern about employers needing to obtain or disclose genetic information about employees or potential employees under most circumstances. Genetic testing and employers’ use of genetic information should be permitted in the following situations to ensure workplace safety and health and preserve research opportunities (Parkman et al., 2015). California Governor Gavin Newsom signed the Genetic Information Privacy Act (GIPA) into law recently, which went to effect in January. The law requires genetic testing companies to be transparent about data collection practices regarding genetic data and obtain written consent from individuals to use the data (Parkman et al., 2015).
References
Evans, B. J., & Jarvik, G. P. (2018). Impact of HIPAA’s minimum necessary standard on genomic data sharing. Genetics in Medicine, 20(5), 531-535.
Parkman, A. A., Foland, J., Anderson, B., Duquette, D., Sobotka, H., Lynn, M., … & Cox, S. L. (2015). Public awareness of genetic nondiscrimination laws in four states and the perceived importance of life insurance protections. Journal of genetic counseling, 24(3), 512-521.
Tenenbaum, J. D., & Goodman, K. W. (2017). Beyond the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act: ethical and economic implications of excluding disability, long-term care and life insurance. Personalized medicine, 14(2), 153-157.
A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Title: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Several issues undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making. The two issues that I would like to bring is the misuse of information and impact on the family.
Historical Misuse:
Genetic information has been misused to promote eugenics initiatives, discriminate in insurance and the workplace, and obtain information about individuals’ medical histories. As genetic research and medical applications advance, the ability to associate genetic predisposition for disease to factors such as gender, self-identified race, or population group will likely increase. Although population-based research informs epidemiologic inquiry, concerns abound that genetic and genomic test information could be used inappropriately to stereotype or stigmatize individuals.
Impact on family:
Genetic and genomic test information also has the potential to impact an individual’s family members, as germline mutations may reveal information about medical risks to blood-relatives. Thus, an individual’s decision to undergo a genetic and genomic test could reveal information that suggests risk to relations regarding the potential development of a chronic or debilitating disorder.
Protection against potential discrimination based on genetic and genomic information must be ensured, and proper disclosures must also be made for the use of such data for research purposes. Attention to the issues raised by these discussions will help policy developers and health care professionals ensure that confidentiality, privacy, and security are appropriately maintained for genetic and genomic information contained in the electronic health record.
Mohammed, Y. A., & Chen, Y. P. (2019). Ensuring privacy and security of genomic data and functionalities. Briefings in Bioinformatics.
Bin, P., Conti, A., Capasso, E., Fedeli, P., Policino, F., Casella, C., Delbon, P., … Graziano, V. (2018). Genetic Testing: Ethical Aspects. Open Medicine (warsaw, Poland), 13, 247-252.
Name: Discussion Rubric
| Excellent90–100 | Good80–89 | Fair70–79 | Poor0–69 | |||
| Main Posting:Response to the Discussion question is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis representative of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources. | 40 (40%) – 44 (44%)Thoroughly responds to the Discussion question(s).Is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis representative of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.No less than 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth.Supported by at least three current credible sources. | 35 (35%) – 39 (39%)Responds to most of the Discussion question(s).Is somewhat reflective with critical analysis and synthesis representative of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.50% of the post has exceptional depth and breadth.Supported by at least three credible references. | 31 (31%) – 34 (34%)Responds to some of the Discussion question(s).One to two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
Cited with fewer than two credible references. |
0 (0%) – 30 (30%)Does not respond to the Discussion question(s).Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria.Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
Contains only one or no credible references. |
||
| Main Posting:Writing | 6 (6%) – 6 (6%)Written clearly and concisely.Contains no grammatical or spelling errors.Adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)Written concisely.May contain one to two grammatical or spelling errors.Adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. | 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)Written somewhat concisely.May contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors.Contains some APA formatting errors. | 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)Not written clearly or concisely.Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors.Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style. | ||
| Main Posting:Timely and full participation | 9 (9%) – 10 (10%)Meets requirements for timely, full, and active participation.Posts main Discussion by due date. | 8 (8%) – 8 (8%)Meets requirements for full participation.Posts main Discussion by due date. | 7 (7%) – 7 (7%)Posts main Discussion by due date. | 0 (0%) – 6 (6%)Does not meet requirements for full participation.Does not post main Discussion by due date. | ||
| First Response:Post to colleague’s main post that is reflective and justified with credible sources. | 9 (9%) – 9 (9%)Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.Responds to questions posed by faculty.The use of scholarly sources to support ideas demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives. | 8 (8%) – 8 (8%)Response has some depth and may exhibit critical thinking or application to practice setting. | 7 (7%) – 7 (7%)Response is on topic and may have some depth. | 0 (0%) – 6 (6%)Response may not be on topic and lacks depth. | ||
| First Response:Writing | 6 (6%) – 6 (6%)Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.Response to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)Communication is mostly professional and respectful to colleagues.Response to faculty questions are mostly answered, if posed.Provides opinions and ideas that are supported by few credible sources.Response is written in standard, edited English. | 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)Response posed in the Discussion may lack effective professional communication.Response to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.Few or no credible sources are cited. | 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)Responses posted in the Discussion lack effective communication.Response to faculty questions are missing.No credible sources are cited. | ||
| First Response:Timely and full participation | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)Meets requirements for timely, full, and active participation.Posts by due date. | 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)Meets requirements for full participation.Posts by due date. | 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)Posts by due date. | 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)Does not meet requirements for full participation.Does not post by due date. | ||
| Second Response: Post to colleague’s main post that is reflective and justified with credible sources. |
9 (9%) – 9 (9%)Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.Responds to questions posed by faculty.The use of scholarly sources to support ideas demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives. | 8 (8%) – 8 (8%)Response has some depth and may exhibit critical thinking or application to practice setting. | 7 (7%) – 7 (7%)Response is on topic and may have some depth. | 0 (0%) – 6 (6%)Response may not be on topic and lacks depth. | ||
| Second Response: Writing |
6 (6%) – 6 (6%)Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.Response to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)Communication is mostly professional and respectful to colleagues.Response to faculty questions are mostly answered, if posed.Provides opinions and ideas that are supported by few credible sources.Response is written in standard, edited English. | 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)Response posed in the Discussion may lack effective professional communication.Response to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.Few or no credible sources are cited. | 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)Responses posted in the Discussion lack effective communication.Response to faculty questions are missing.No credible sources are cited. | ||
| Second Response: Timely and full participation |
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)Meets requirements for timely, full, and active participation.Posts by due date. | 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)Meets requirements for full participation.Posts by due date. | 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)Posts by due date. | 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)Does not meet requirements for full participation.Does not post by due date. | ||
| Total Points: 100 | ||||||
Name: Discussion Rubric
A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Title: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Genetic and genomic applications are diverse and generalizing about the psychosocial harms of testing in these areas is challenging. Some interrelated factors about genetic and genomic testing must be understood. The first regards the characteristics of the genetic variants themselves, including the likelihood of developing a health condition when the variant is present and the range of severity in the health outcome when the variant is present. These bear on what risk information would be conveyed to an individual who has undergone the testing and how serious those results would be. A second factor concerns the nature of the health condition with which the variant is associated. It is one thing to test for cystic fibrosis and another to test for type 2 diabetes; each has its own range of health impacts, prognosis, and prevention or treatment options. The purpose of the testing is the goal to diagnose an already existing set of symptoms, assess risk for future disease, facilitate an intervention to prevent a disease from occurring. The context in which the testing is done is the test being conducted in a clinical setting with an individual who already has a familial risk for a disease, or is it being applied as a large-scale population screen among individuals with unknown prior risk. The impact of genetic and genomic testing has examined its use as a means of predicting and preventing a disease in pre-symptomatic individuals, the testing is often used to assist in narrowing down or confirming a diagnosis for individuals who are already experiencing symptoms. In the midst of symptom management and diagnostic processes, there is less likely to be time to conduct extensive genetic counseling or space for emotional processing by patients. Therefore, it is valuable to consider how the response of symptomatic patients to genetic and genomic testing may differ from other testing contexts American Society of Human Genetics,2020).
Genetic testing can provide only limited information about an inherited condition. The test often cannot determine if a person will show symptoms of a disorder, how severe the symptoms will be, or whether the disorder will progress over time. Another major limitation is the lack of treatment strategies for many genetic disorders once they are diagnosed. Many of the risks associated with genetic testing involve the emotional, social, or financial consequences of the test results. People may feel angry, depressed, anxious, or guilty about their results. In some cases, genetic testing creates tension within a family because the results can reveal information about other family members in addition to the person who is tested. The possibility of genetic discrimination in employment or insurance is also a concern (F. Vansenne, P. M. Bossuyt, and C. A. de Borgie, 2019).
References
American Society of Human Genetics, American College of Medical Genetics. (2020). Points to consider: Ethical, legal, and psychosocial implications of genetic testing in children and adolescents. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57, 1233-1241.
- Vansenne, P. M. Bossuyt, and C. A. de Borgie, “Evaluating the Psychological Effects of Genetic Testing in Symptomatic Patients: A Systematic Review,” Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers13 (2019): 555– 63.
A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Title: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Genetic research studies consider two general categories of ethical and social issues: genetic privacy and discrimination. Genetic privacy concerns also reside within criminal contexts because federal involvement can override the genealogical privacy of criminal suspects and the acquirement of genetic samples (Evans & Jarvik, 2015). The shared genetic information between family members also raises privacy concerns for relatives. The compromise of genetic privacy can ensue should testing companies be allowed the accessibility of your genetic information or if your data is stolen (Evans & Jarvik, 2015). Genetic testing results may impact your ability to obtain life, disability, or long-term care insurance (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017). Furthermore, genetic discrimination can follow through under the circumstances surrounding the differing treatment of either insurance company or employer due to a genealogical mutation responsible for inducing or heightening risks concerning an inherited disorder. Fear of discrimination is a common concern among people considering genetic testing (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017).
GINA, otherwise recognized as “The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act,” is an anti-discrimination law that exempts privacy-related involvement (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017). Moreover, this specific act is a preventative measure for both Medicare supplemental plans and group health. However, this act excludes life, disability, or long-term care plans—from using genetic information to discriminate against you regarding insurance (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017). In addition, title II of GINA prohibits using genetic information to discriminate in employment decisions, such as hiring, firing, and promoting (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017). An Executive Order accompanying GINA acts as a prohibitive measure concerning federal government agencies, which obstructs their ability to obtain gene-related information on either job applicants or employees and utilize similar information for hiring and promotion decisions (Tenenbaum & Goodman, 2017).
In 2013, HIPAA regulations were amended through the HIPAA Omnibus Rule, enabling the inclusion of genetic information in the definition of Protected Health Information (PHI) (Evans & Jarvik, 2015). Moreover, this specified rule serves as a preventive measure for employing that data for other variants regarding the plan of medical care but not for a long or otherwise lifetime duration (Evans & Jarvik, 2015).
As an advocate, it is essential to increase awareness of genetic testing, awareness of genetic nondiscrimination laws, concern about genetic discrimination in determining life insurance eligibility and cost, and the perceived importance of genetic nondiscrimination laws that address life insurance (Parkman et al., 2015). Continued dialogue regarding how GINA protects the privacy of and guards against the misuse of genetic information obtained through research (Parkman et al., 2015). The law reassures research participants that they can volunteer for studies without it harming their job or health insurance. The growing concern about employers needing to obtain or disclose genetic information about employees or potential employees under most circumstances. Genetic testing and employers’ use of genetic information should be permitted in the following situations to ensure workplace safety and health and preserve research opportunities (Parkman et al., 2015). California Governor Gavin Newsom signed the Genetic Information Privacy Act (GIPA) into law recently, which went to effect in January. The law requires genetic testing companies to be transparent about data collection practices regarding genetic data and obtain written consent from individuals to use the data (Parkman et al., 2015).
References
Evans, B. J., & Jarvik, G. P. (2018). Impact of HIPAA’s minimum necessary standard on genomic data sharing. Genetics in Medicine, 20(5), 531-535.
Parkman, A. A., Foland, J., Anderson, B., Duquette, D., Sobotka, H., Lynn, M., … & Cox, S. L. (2015). Public awareness of genetic nondiscrimination laws in four states and the perceived importance of life insurance protections. Journal of genetic counseling, 24(3), 512-521.
Tenenbaum, J. D., & Goodman, K. W. (2017). Beyond the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act: ethical and economic implications of excluding disability, long-term care and life insurance. Personalized medicine, 14(2), 153-157.
A Sample Answer 5 For the Assignment: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Title: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Several issues undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making. The two issues that I would like to bring is the misuse of information and impact on the family.
Historical Misuse:
Genetic information has been misused to promote eugenics initiatives, discriminate in insurance and the workplace, and obtain information about individuals’ medical histories. As genetic research and medical applications advance, the ability to associate genetic predisposition for disease to factors such as gender, self-identified race, or population group will likely increase. Although population-based research informs epidemiologic inquiry, concerns abound that genetic and genomic test information could be used inappropriately to stereotype or stigmatize individuals.
Impact on family:
Genetic and genomic test information also has the potential to impact an individual’s family members, as germline mutations may reveal information about medical risks to blood-relatives. Thus, an individual’s decision to undergo a genetic and genomic test could reveal information that suggests risk to relations regarding the potential development of a chronic or debilitating disorder.
Protection against potential discrimination based on genetic and genomic information must be ensured, and proper disclosures must also be made for the use of such data for research purposes. Attention to the issues raised by these discussions will help policy developers and health care professionals ensure that confidentiality, privacy, and security are appropriately maintained for genetic and genomic information contained in the electronic health record.
Mohammed, Y. A., & Chen, Y. P. (2019). Ensuring privacy and security of genomic data and functionalities. Briefings in Bioinformatics.
Bin, P., Conti, A., Capasso, E., Fedeli, P., Policino, F., Casella, C., Delbon, P., … Graziano, V. (2018). Genetic Testing: Ethical Aspects. Open Medicine (warsaw, Poland), 13, 247-252.
A Sample Answer 6 For the Assignment: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Title: DNP 810 Topic 8 DQ 2 Describe two issues that undermine the rights of clients in genetic- and genomic-related decision making and action
Thanks for your posting, Mary. You bought up some value issues regarding the misuse of information and its impact on the family. I first agree that genetic and genomic testing is becoming increasingly common in health care, and more and more hereditary explanations for family histories of disease or disease are being found. Genetic information from family members can play a vital role in identifying, treating, and counseling patients at risk for hereditary conditions. Its use is essential to the risk assessment necessary to inform the selection of appropriate investigative tools or preventive options in the care of persons at risk (Parker & Lucassen, 2018).
Nonetheless, some patients do not share relevant information with other family members afterward. This can significantly impact how effectively these family members can care for patients.
Reference
Parker, M., & Lucassen, A. (2018). Using a genetic test result in the care of family members: How does the duty of confidentiality apply? European Journal of Human Genetics, 26(7), 955–959. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-018-0138-y
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