NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice

Walden University NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice                     

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice                     

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice                     

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice                     

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice                     

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice

NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice

Collaboration in nursing plays an integral role in ensuring the enhancement of quality services in nursing. The doctoral degree stresses the importance of the same as emphasized by the Institute of Nursing IOM report. The report reveals that partnerships between nurses and other healthcare professionals and with nurses themselves will play an integral role in enhancing the quality of services offered to patients. The presence of both intra- and interprofessional collaboration amongst nurses is fundamental as it will give the nurses the ability to handle complex medication issues (Fleming & Willgerodt, 2017).

The above value is associated with the assertion that the modern-day healthcare environment is complex from the patient perspective and as such, more than one discipline is required during intervention. During the interprofessional and intraprofessional collaboration, the DNP or PhD nurse will enjoy shared knowledge and perspectives to improve the healthcare outcome regarding a patient and even issues affecting healthcare nationally. Indeed, collaboration will strengthen the ability of the nurse to perceive topics variedly and appreciate disparate outlook, which is important in their leadership roles in organizations or even nationally (Laureate Education, 2011d).

The presence of collaboration across the healthcare spectrum is consequential to the role of a DNP or PhD prepared nurses in a number of ways. Fundamentally, the practice becomes efficient as shared decision-making makes it easier for the nursing profession to contribute immensely to the wellbeing of a patient (Jenkins et al., 2020. Moreover, the presence of such both collaborations improves communication between the nurses and members of other disciplines and amongst themselves. Also, the interprofessional collaboration may widen the scope of practice of nurses as they will be required to participate in making decisions in areas that may be traditionally a preserve of other specialties.

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Examples

A perfect example of an interprofessional collaboration entails the reduction of catheter associated infections UTIs at a facility. Both nurses and physicians play an important role in such a program. Both the nursing and the physician teams will work towards the commonality of reducing the infections. The nurses played a role in providing patient education and taking care of the needs of the patients. On the other hand, physicians participated in the formulation of the necessary interventions including antibiotic injections, which was done in collaboration with the nurses. Indeed, each morning, the teams met to assess the individual needs of each patient and revise or create a new intervention. As such, such a collaboration would lead to the achievement of the intended objective.

Moreover, an intraprofessional collaboration may occur when a nurse leader introduces morning huddle routine for the nurse leaders of various teams and even the staff. During such meetings, the nurses will meet to discuss various issues affecting the various units in the previous day. Indeed, matters such as staffing issues, patient grievances, and ED wait time will feature. During the huddles, the nurses will be tasked to provide solutions or how they can address the issues by making recommendations to their leaders. Also, an action plan will be established as a consequence of the meeting and the same conveyed to various nursing units by their respective leaders. By doing that, the nurses will have acted intraprofessionally to solve common issues that affect their units.

References

Fleming, R., & Willgerodt, M. A. (2017). Interprofessional collaborative practice and school nursing: A model for improved health outcomes. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 22(3), 2. DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No03Man02

Jenkins, P., Jones, J., Koutlas, A., Courtwright, S., Davis, J., & Liggett, L. (2020). Constructing Doctoral Leadership Scholarly Role Boundaries Through Intraprofessional Nursing Education. Advances in Nursing Science, 43(4), 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000309

Laureate Education (Producer). (2011d). The professional role of the DNP-prepared nurse [Video file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu

Building on what you have said, I would add that the AACN has worked hard to refine NP Core Competencies so as to reflect the most up to date requirements for the current state of healthcare (Chan, Lockhart, Schreiber, & Kronk, 2020).  The goal is to ensure that DNP students gain highly specific skills sets that evolve from Competency Based Education (CBE) as set forth by the Domains of Nursing or observable and measurable aspects of performance that allows the student to demonstrate competent, fully functional abilities in order to provide safe, quality care to a wide variety of patient populations, while promoting social justice and equality in medicine (Chan et al., 2020).  Graduates of DNP programs possess the evidenced-based knowledge, practical experience, and professional attitudes necessary to advocate and facilitate changes that will shape future healthcare policies (Mullin, 2019).

The attainment of social justice and equity in healthcare is a lofty goal, but it doesn’t have to be “pie in the sky”.  DNP graduates need to cultivate leadership skills that entitle them to pull up a chair and sit at the big table where the crucial decisions that affect nursing and medical practice are rolled out (Mullin, 2019).  This will allow nursing representatives to have an influential voice in political decision making and social change policies where it has the greatest impact on professional nursing (Mullin, 2019).  DNP graduates should be the gold standard in Advanced Nursing Practice because as leaders in the field there is no area of institutional, local, state, regional, and federal politics where knowledge of health policy, expert experience in evidenced-based research, and influential advocacy in practice cannot serve to promote proactive development and implementation of social change policy for the betterment of society and population health (Mullin, 2019). 

Two nursing organizations that are full service professional organizations the DNP student can join so as to advance political abilities and become agents of social change are the American Nurse’s Association (ANA) and the International Council of Nurses (ICN) (Matthews, 2012).                   

Thank you for your excellent post, Mary Ann Keith-Marcus

References

Chan, T. E., Lockhart, J. S., Schreiber, J. B., & Kronk, R.  (2020).  Determining nurse practitioner core competencies using a Delphi approach.  J Am Assoc Nurse Pract, 32(3), 200-217.  doi: 10.1097/JXX.0000000000000384.PMID: 32132457.

Matthews, J.  (2012).  Role of professional organizations in advocacy for the nursing profession.  OJIN: The Online Journal of Nursing, 17(1).  Manuscript 3.  doi: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol17no01Man03.

Mullin, M. H.  (2019).  Chapter 5: DNP involvement in healthcare policy.  In Chism, L. A. (4^th Ed).  Doctor of Nursing Practice: A Guidebook for Role Development and Professional Issues (131-156).  Burlington, MA.  Jones & Bartlett.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.

Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.

One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.

I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.

In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.

Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).

Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).

Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.

I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.

As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an underastanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.

It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

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Lopes Write Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.

Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.

Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?

Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.

Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.

If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.

I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.

As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:

Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course.

Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• Student paper example
• Citing Sources
• The Writing Center is a great resource

Collaboration in nursing plays an integral role in ensuring the enhancement of quality services in nursing. The doctoral degree stresses the importance of the same as emphasized by the Institute of Nursing IOM report. The report reveals that partnerships between nurses and other healthcare professionals and with nurses themselves will play an integral role in enhancing the quality of services offered to patients. The presence of both intra- and interprofessional collaboration amongst nurses is fundamental as it will give the nurses the ability to handle complex medication issues (Fleming & Willgerodt, 2017).

The above value is associated with the assertion that the modern-day healthcare environment is complex from the patient perspective and as such, more than one discipline is required during intervention. During the interprofessional and intraprofessional collaboration, the DNP or PhD nurse will enjoy shared knowledge and perspectives to improve the healthcare outcome regarding a patient and even issues affecting healthcare nationally. Indeed, collaboration will strengthen the ability of the nurse to perceive topics variedly and appreciate disparate outlook, which is important in their leadership roles in organizations or even nationally (Laureate Education, 2011d).

The presence of collaboration across the healthcare spectrum is consequential to the role of a DNP or PhD prepared nurses in a number of ways. Fundamentally, the practice becomes efficient as shared decision-making makes it easier for the nursing profession to contribute immensely to the wellbeing of a patient (Jenkins et al., 2020. Moreover, the presence of such both collaborations improves communication between the nurses and members of other disciplines and amongst themselves. Also, the interprofessional collaboration may widen the scope of practice of nurses as they will be required to participate in making decisions in areas that may be traditionally a preserve of other specialties.

Examples

  A perfect example of an interprofessional collaboration entails the reduction of catheter associated infections UTIs at a facility. Both nurses and physicians play an important role in such a program. Both the nursing and the physician teams will work towards the commonality of reducing the infections. The nurses played a role in providing patient education and taking care of the needs of the patients. On the other hand, physicians participated in the formulation of the necessary interventions including antibiotic injections, which was done in collaboration with the nurses. Indeed, each morning, the teams met to assess the individual needs of each patient and revise or create a new intervention. As such, such a collaboration would lead to the achievement of the intended objective.

Moreover, an intraprofessional collaboration may occur when a nurse leader introduces morning huddle routine for the nurse leaders of various teams and even the staff. During such meetings, the nurses will meet to discuss various issues affecting the various units in the previous day. Indeed, matters such as staffing issues, patient grievances, and ED wait time will feature. During the huddles, the nurses will be tasked to provide solutions or how they can address the issues by making recommendations to their leaders. Also, an action plan will be established as a consequence of the meeting and the same conveyed to various nursing units by their respective leaders. By doing that, the nurses will have acted intraprofessionally to solve common issues that affect their units.

References

Fleming, R., & Willgerodt, M. A. (2017). Interprofessional collaborative practice and school nursing: A model for improved health outcomes. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 22(3), 2. DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No03Man02

Jenkins, P., Jones, J., Koutlas, A., Courtwright, S., Davis, J., & Liggett, L. (2020). Constructing Doctoral Leadership Scholarly Role Boundaries Through Intraprofessional Nursing Education. Advances in Nursing Science, 43(4), 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000309

Laureate Education (Producer). (2011d). The professional role of the DNP-prepared nurse [Video file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu

Sample Answer for NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice

Letitia Hunt  

RE: Discussion – Week 3 

The definition of “collaboration” defined by Webster’s Dictionary is to work with others or together especially in an intellectual endeavor (Miriam-Webster, 2021). A joint effort which should bring together a diverse group of participants that could include government organizations, health care professionals, insurance industries, and local businesses (the future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health, 2010b). The goal being to identify the problem, brainstorm for workable solutions, institute a solution and then evaluate the effectiveness. Collaboration between disciplines can be documented back to the days of Florence Nightingale who took her knowledge and experience from her days on the front lines of the Crimean war back to British hospitals to help develop the first nursing school programs. Florence would be so proud as we have taken the fight from the “front lines to the boardrooms.” (the future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health, pg. 3 2010b).” As nurses are finally able to take our seat at the table with non-clinicians, we must be able to demonstrate our skills in communication, leadership, informatics, and analytics and have a knowledge base that can demonstrate and that we can be agents of change. Who better than nurses to help advance our profession than other nurses who speak the same language? (Laureate Education, 2011d.) The word collaborate reminds me of the idiom” it takes a village….” True, that idiom goes on to talk of raising a child, but the crux of the idiom is that is takes many people coming together to successfully obtain a goal. It does take intra-and interpersonal relationships formed within and outside of an organization to advance health care past the 21st century.  

Provide at least two detailed examples to support your response.  

1. As a manager over a highly recognized lead program for the state of Missouri it is essential that collaboration is a daily must. I must collaborate with my nursing staff to ensure the referral was received and all the information is there for the nurse to them make contact. I collaborate with Department of Health and Senior Services (DHSS) and their lead advocates to ensure we have the most recent parent information as well as the most recent elevated lead level (ELL). There are many times when we must work together develop a plan for the member. Collaboration is done with the lead assessors who make home visits to evaluate the member’s home to determine where the elevated levels of lead might be coming from. Providers are contacted to inform them of the levels and to educate them on their responsibilities. So as one might see from this example, a DNP prepared nurse must possess numerous skills to ensure the members receives the best care.  

   

  

    2. As a manager I must also collaborate with provider relations as well as the networking department. When my team of nurses identify an issue with a provider such as billing, complaints of being out of network, they inform me, and I must them collaborate with provider relations to have them speak with the provider to clear up and issues or with networking to assist with becoming a in par network provider. Without the collaboration with these departments, the members as well as the providers may not get the assistance they need.  

  

Thanks,  

  

Tish    

References  

(2021). In Merriam-Webster. www.mirriam-webster.com/collaboration  

The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. (2010b).https://web.archive.org/web/20150203150734/http://iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/The-Future-ofNursing/Future%20of%20Nursing%202010%20Report%20Brief.pdf  

Laureate Education (Producer). (2011d). The professional role of the DNP-prepared nurse [Video file]. Retrieved from https://classwaldenu.edu  

 Sample Answer for NURS 8000 Week 3 Discussion Intra- and Interdisciplinary Collaborative Practice

Margaret Harvey Walden Instructor Manager  

RE: Discussion – Week 3  

Tish,  

I often think about Florence and what she would have thought about how nursing has progressed professionally. I agree that she would certainly be proud. 

Certainly intra- and inter-professional collaboration is an integral component of patient care at all levels of educational preparedness in nursing. As clinicians at the bedside, collaboration occurs with other healthcare disciplines in order to deliver appropriate and timely care. Collaboration with laboratory personnel, radiology personnel, security, physicians, respiratory therapists, and physical therapists are some examples of inter-disciplinary collaboration. Intra-professional collaboration occurs at the bedside with case management and teamwork with other nurses. Other intra-professional collaboration also occurs behind the scenes with risk management, quality, and infection control, which have a more indirect influence on patient care.  

The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) as an organization has done more for the profession of nursing, especially in establishing guidelines and expectations regarding nursing education. The AACN has developed eight essentials for doctoral education (2006). Of particular relevance to the topic of collaboration is the essential for inter-professional collaboration for improving patient care and population health (Waxman & Maxworthy, 2010). However, other essentials for doctoral education help support inter-professional collaboration such as clinical scholarship as well as organizational and system leadership (Waxman & Maxworthy, 2010). Both of which require collaboration with nursing and other disciplines. Clinical scholarship assists with the ability to critically evaluate, implement, and or participate in research to improve patient care. System and organizational leadership assists with the ability to lead projects to improve patient care.  

 I appreciate the examples you gave of collaboration on a professional level.  I believe nurses, in general, can see how effective collaboration is. Still, I am old enough to remember when we were not consulted and were to just carry out a doctor’s orders without question. We have come a long way:-) 

Dr. H 

References 

American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). (2006). The essentials of doctoral education for advanced nursing practice. Washington, DC. Retrieved from: http://www.aacnnursing.org/DNP/DNP-Essentials