Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum

Walden University Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum-Step-By-Step Guide

 

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

 

How to Research and Prepare for Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum                     

 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

 

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

 

How to Write the Introduction for Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum                     

The introduction for the Walden University Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

 

How to Write the Body for Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum                     

 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

 

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

 

How to Write the Conclusion for Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum                     

 

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

 

How to Format the References List for Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum                     

 

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum

Assignment : NURS 6512 Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum

Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum

Assessment of the genitalia and rectum is vital in depicting genitourinary and gastrointestinal abnormalities respectively. A rectal examination is necessary to complete an abdominal exam. Meanwhile, assessment of the genitalia is usually sensitive and must be done in the presence of a chaperone. The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential history, physical exam, and differential diagnosis based on a case scenario of T.S. a 32-year-old woman who presents with dysuria, frequency, and urgency for two days. She is sexually active and has had a new partner for the past three months.

Subjective

A triad of urgency, frequency, and dysuria characterizes a pathology that is most likely in the urinary tract. Consequently, it is essential to inquire about associated symptoms such as hematuria, fever, and malaise. Association with malaise and fever is common in urinary tract infections. Similarly, it is important to inquire about the presence of any abnormal vaginal discharge, and burning sensation during urination since she is sexually active and a sexually transmitted infection might be the cause of her symptoms. Likewise, changes in the smell and color of the urine must be elicited as well as associated suprapubic pain. Related to sexually transmitted infections, it is crucial to inquire about the number of sexual partners if similar symptoms have manifested in her partner or the use of protection during intercourse (Garcia & Wray, 2022).

Similarly, her last menstrual period must be known to determine if pregnant as this will impact the management (Bono et al., 2022). Additionally, a history of medication use, alcohol, smoking, and use of illicit drugs must be elicited. A history of contact with an individual with a chronic cough or TB prior to the occurrence of the previous symptoms must be elicited as urogenital TB may present similarly. Finally, it is crucial to inquire about any history of trauma or recent urethral catheterization as these are common risk factors for urinary tract infections.

Objective

The vital signs are mandatory in this patient as it is a pelvic exam. In the general exam, the mental and nutrition status of the patient must be noted. Additionally, a complete abdominal exam must be conducted as the patient has flank pain and suprapubic tenderness. Palpation of the abdomen for any masses and percussion of the flank for costovertebral angle tenderness must be done (Bono et al., 2022). Similarly, complete respiratory and cardiovascular exams must be conducted as a routine during the assessment of any patient. Finally, a digital rectal examination must be performed to exclude associated rectal abnormalities.

Assessment

In addition to urinalysis, STI, and pap smear testing, a complete blood count and urine culture must be conducted as the patient presents with signs of infection. Similarly, a pregnancy test must be conducted as this may complicate urinary tract infections. Additionally, she has no appetite and therefore a random blood sugar must be done to exclude hypoglycemia. Similarly, urea, creatinine, and electrolyte must be conducted to check the renal function as the patient has flank pain. Finally, Inflammatory markers such as ESR and CRP as well as blood cultures must be done as the patient has flank pain which may indicate pyelonephritis (Bono et al., 2022). Imaging tests are not necessary for the diagnosis of lower UTI. However, the patient has flank pain, and therefore, a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis with or without IV contrast as well as an ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder must be done to identify any pathologies and outline the architecture of the kidney and bladder (Belyayeva & Jeong, 2022)

The possible diagnoses include a urinary tract infection and a sexually-transmitted infection. Urinary tract infections refer to the infection of the bladder, urethra, ureters, or kidneys (Bono et al., 2022). UTIs are more common in women, a consequence of a short urethra and proximity of the anal and genital regions (Bono et al., 2022). A triad of frequency, dysuria, and urgency collectively defines the irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (Bono et al., 2022). Similarly, suprapubic tenderness is a key feature of lower urinary tract infections. However, the patient is also feverish and has flank pain which also denotes the potential for involvement of the upper urinary tract (Bono et al., 2022). T.S is also sexually active, a risk factor for urinary tract infection.

A sexually transmitted infection is another possible diagnosis. T.S is sexually active and she has had her new partner for the last three months which is a key risk factor for this condition (Garcia & Wray, 2022). Most STIs present with suprapubic pain. Most STIs are asymptomatic and if symptomatic manifests with urethral discharge, vaginal discharge, pruritus, and pain (Garcia & Wray, 2022). T.S was negative for the aforementioned features.

Other differential diagnoses include pyelonephritis, interstitial cystitis, and urethritis due to an STI. Pyelonephritis is of the renal pelvis and parenchyma (Belyayeva & Jeong, 2022). It is usually a complication of ascending bacterial infection of the bladder and manifests principally with frequency, dysuria, urgency, fever, malaise, flank pain, and suprapubic pain (Belyayeva & Jeong, 2022). Interstitial cystitis is a chronic noninfectious idiopathic cystitis associated with recurrent suprapubic pain (Daniels et al., 2018). It presents with urgency, frequency, suprapubic discomfort, and pain relieved by voiding. T.S has some of these features although the gradual onset of symptomatology and a duration of more than six weeks is required for the diagnosis of this condition (Daniels et al., 2018). Finally, urethritis secondary to an STI may present in females with only frequency, urgency, and dysuria with minimal or no vaginal discharge (Young et al., 2022).

Conclusion

Assessment of the genitalia and rectum is sensitive and may help identify abnormalities of the rectum and genitourinary tract. Most abnormalities of the genitourinary system particularly UTIs and STIs can be diagnosed clinically. Consequently, a comprehensive history and physical examination are mandatory. Most UTIs are common in females. Pregnancy must always be excluded in a patient presenting with features suggestive of a UTI.

References

Belyayeva, M., & Jeong, J. M. (2022). Acute Pyelonephritis. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30137822/

Bono, M. J., Leslie, S. W., & Reygaert, W. C. (2022). Urinary Tract Infection. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29261874/

Daniels, A. M., Schulte, A. R., & Herndon, C. M. (2018). Interstitial cystitis: An update on the disease process and treatment. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 32(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/15360288.2018.1476433

Garcia, M. R., & Wray, A. A. (2022). Sexually Transmitted Infections. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32809643/

Young, A., Toncar, A., & Wray, A. A. (2022). Urethritis. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725967/

Patients are frequently uncomfortable discussing with health care professional’s issues that involve the genitalia and rectum; however, gathering an adequate history and properly conducting a physical exam are vital. Examining case studies of genital and rectal abnormalities can help prepare advanced practice nurses to accurately assess patients with problems in these areas.

In this assignment, you will consider case studies that describe abnormal findings in patients seen in a clinical setting.

In this assignment, you will analyze a SOAP note case study that describes abnormal findings in patients seen in a clinical setting. You will consider what history should be collected from the patients, as well as which physical exams and diagnostic tests should be conducted. You will also formulate a differential diagnosis with several possible conditions.

GENITALIA ASSESSMENT

Subjective:

CC: “I have bumps on my bottom that I want to have checked out.”

HPI: AB, a 21-year-old WF college student reports to your clinic with external bumps on her genital area. She states the bumps are painless and feel rough. She states she is sexually active and has had more than one partner over the past year. Her initial sexual contact occurred at age 18. She reports no abnormal vaginal discharge. She is unsure how long the bumps have been there but noticed them about a week ago. Her last Pap smear exam was 3 years ago, and no dysplasia was found; the exam results were normal. She reports one sexually transmitted infection (chlamydia) about 2 years ago. She completed the treatment for chlamydia as prescribed.

PMH: Asthma

Medications: Symbicort 160/4.5mcg

Allergies: NKDA

FH: No hx of breast or cervical cancer, Father hx HTN, Mother hx HTN, GERD

Social: Denies tobacco use; occasional etoh, married, 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys)

Objective:

VS: Temp 98.6; BP 120/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 169lbs

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Heart: RRR, no murmurs

Lungs: CTA, chest wall symmetrical

Genital: Normal female hair pattern distribution; no masses or swelling. Urethral meatus intact without erythema or discharge. Perineum intact with a healed episiotomy scar present. Vaginal mucosa pink and moist with rugae present, pos for firm, round, small, painless ulcer noted on external labia

Abd: soft, normoactive bowel sounds, neg rebound, neg murphy’s, neg McBurney

Diagnostics: HSV specimen obtained

Assessment:

Chancre

PLAN: This section is not required for the assignments in this course (NURS 6512) but will be required for future courses.

To prepare:

With regard to the SOAP note case study provided:

Review this week’s Learning Resources, and consider the insights they provide about the case study.

Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient in the case study.

Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis?

Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient.

To complete:

Refer to Chapter 5 of the Sullivan text. Analyze the SOAP note case study. Using evidence based resources, answer the following questions and support your answers using current evidence from the literature.

Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.

Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.

Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or Why not?

Would diagnostics be appropriate for this case and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?

Would you reject/accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not? Identify three possible conditions that may be considered as a differential diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least 3 different references from current evidence based literature.

Patient Information:

Initials: AB                 Age: 21 Years Old                  Sex: Female                Race: White

S.

CC (chief complaint): “I have bumps on my bottom that I want to have checked out.”

HPI: AB, a 21-year-old WF college student reports to your clinic with external bumps on her genital area. She states the bumps are painless and feel rough. She states she is sexually active and has had more than one partner during the past year. Her initial sexual contact occurred at age 18. She reports no abnormal vaginal discharge. She is unsure how long the bumps have been there but noticed them about a week ago. Her last Pap smear exam was 3 years ago, and no dysplasia was found; the exam results were normal. She reports one sexually transmitted infection (chlamydia) about 2 years ago. She completed the treatment for chlamydia as prescribed.

Location: genital area.

Onset: Unsure of how long the pumps have been there but she noticed the about a week ago

Character: Painless and feel rough

Associated signs and symptoms: the pumps are reported to be pain and feels rough on touch. There are no associated symptoms such as itchiness and pain.

Timing: None

Exacerbating/ relieving factors: Unspecified

Severity: The pumps do not have any symptoms such as pain or itchiness. Rating on pain therefore not applicable.

Current Medications: Symbicort 160/4.5mcg 

Allergies: No known drug, food, or environmental allergies.

PMHx: The client has history of asthma. She also has a history of sexually transmitted infection (chlamydia) over 2 years ago. She completed chlamydia treatment.
Soc Hx: The patient is a college student, who reports to be sexually active and have had more than one partner in the last year. The initial sexual contact of the client was when she was 18. The client also denied tobacco use, occasional use of etoh, married, 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys).

Fam Hx: No history of breast or cervical cancer, Father history of HTN, Mother has history of HTN and GERD 

O.

OBJECTIVE:

Physical exam:

Vital Signs: Temp 98.6; BP 120/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 169lbs 

CV: Regular heart rhythm with no murmurs

Lungs: CTA, chest wall symmetrical 

Genital: Normal female hair pattern distribution; no masses or swelling. Urethral meatus intact without erythema or discharge. Perineum intact. Vaginal mucosa pink and moist with rugae present, pos for firm, round, small, painless ulcer noted on external labia. ABD: soft, normoactive bowel sounds, neg rebound, neg murphy’s, negMcBurney 

Diagnostic: HSV specimen obtained 

Analysis of Additional Subjective Information Top of Form

The nurse should focus on obtaining additional subjective data from the patient besides those in the case snapshot. The additional subjective data will guide the development of accurate diagnosis and treatment plan for the client. The nurse should obtain the information about additional symptoms that are associated with the external pumps on her genitalia. The nurse should obtain information such as size, shape, any discharge, or changes in the pumps that might have occurred over the past in terms of appearance.

The nurse should also obtain additional information about any history of similar pumps in the past. A history of closely related pumps of the genital area could guide the development of diagnoses such as warts in the patient. There is also the need for the nurse to obtain information related to medication use by the patient. A history of medication use such as those used in managing the pumps could aid in determining the cause of the problem (Stephen & Skillen, 2020). History on medication use could also guide the determination of whether the pumps are attributable to side effects or adverse reactions to a drug.

The nurse should also obtain information about the use of any irritants in the past that might have caused the pump. For example, information about the types of soaps that the patient uses should be obtained. The client should also be asked about her sexual preferences. This will provide information about her sexual habits, which might have led to the development of the pumps. The effect of the pumps on the self-perception of the client should also be obtained. The nurse should try to rate the effect of the pumps on her self-image and self-esteem using an appropriate rating scale (Forbes & Watt, 2020). The additional subjective data that may be needed include history of skin problems such as eczema, menstrual history, and occupational history to determine any risk factors in her workplace place. 

Analysis of Additional Objective information

Additional objective data should also be obtained from the client to increase the accuracy of the diagnosis. The nurse should have performed rectal examination. The examination could have provided clues such as the presence of hemorrhoids or anal fissures. The nurse should have also provided information about the general appearance of the client. The general appearance could have provided clues on the social, emotional and physical impact of the pumps on the client. The nurse should have also performed head to toe examination of the client.

The examination could have included the assessment of the skin to determine the existence of undetected skin lesions. The nurse should have also examined the oral cavity for any lesions, neck for inflamed lymph nodes and neck rigidity. The nurse should have also assessed the chest for any abnormal findings such as appearance, shape, or palpitations on auscultation (Cox, 2019). The above information could have guided the accuracy of the diagnoses made by the nurse. 

Is this Assessment Supported by the Subjective and Objective Assessment?

The assessment is supported by subjective and objective data. Subjective data is the data that the patient provides concerning her experience with the health problem. The information is based on the perceived experiences by the patient and the management of the health problem. Subjective data provides the basis of assessment and physical examinations of the patient. The examples of subjective data that support the assessment include the client’s complaints, history of the complains, history of any vaginal discharge, her Pap smear examinations, and any significant past medical, surgical and family history.

Objective data on the other hand is the data that the nurse obtains using assessment and physical examination techniques. The data is not based on the subjective experiences of the patient with the disease but the physiological changes in the patient due to the disease. Objective data is used to validate the subjective data (Perry et al., 2021). The examples of objective data in the case study include vital signs, auscultation of the heart and lungs and the observation of the genitalia. The diagnostic investigations that were ordered also form part of the objective data.

Appropriate Diagnostic Tests

The development of accurate diagnosis of the client’s problem can be achieved by performing a number of diagnostic investigations. One of them is skin scrap. A scrap of the pumps can be obtained for laboratory examination. The other investigation is tzank smear to test for herpes simplex. The client should be tested for syphilis using diagnostics such as Darkfield microscopy or enzyme immunoassay (Perry et al., 2021).

Current Diagnosis

The current diagnosis of chancre is accurate. Patients with chancre present with symptoms similar to those of the client in the case study. For example, the ulcers are asymptomatic and can last for a period of up to six weeks (Cox, 2019).

Differential Diagnosis

One of the differential diagnoses that should be considered for the patient in the case study is contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis is a skin condition that is characterized by symptoms such as the presence of rashes, which are dry, scaly and cracked. It is however the least likely due to the absence of itchiness and oozing or crusting of the rashes. The second differential diagnosis is syphilis. The client has a history of multiple sexual partners, which predisposes her to syphilis. Patients with syphilis also show skin rashes such as chancre in the early stages of syphilis. The last differential diagnosis is herpes simplex. Patients with herpes simplex may have symptoms such as rashes in the genitals (Perry et al., 2021). However, it is least unlikely for the patient due to the lack of symptoms such as lymphadenopathy and fever.

Conclusion

The diagnosis of chancre in the case study is accurate. Additional subjective and objective data should be obtained to come up with an accurate diagnosis. Differential diagnoses such as syphilis, herpes simplex, and contact dermatitis should however be considered. In addition, further diagnostic investigations should be performed to come up with an accurate diagnosis.

References

Cox, C. L. (2019). Physical Assessment for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals. John Wiley & Sons.

Forbes, H., & Watt, E. (2020). Jarvis’s Health Assessment and Physical Examination – E-Book: Australian and New Zealand. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., Ostendorf, W., & Laplante, N. (2021). Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques—E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Stephen, T. C., & Skillen, D. L. (2020). Canadian Nursing Health Assessment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Genitourinary problems are a common occurrence in nursing practice. nurses utilize both subjective and objective data to develop accurate diagnoses and treatment plans for their patients. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine a case study of a patient that presents with a genitourinary problem. The purpose of this paper is to examine the additional information needed in the subjective and objective portions, additional diagnostic studies, accepting or rejecting the diagnosis, and possible conditions that should be considered.

Subjective Portion

Additional subjective data should be obtained from the patient to guide the development of an accurate diagnosis. First, the nurse should ask the patient to describe the factors that precipitate or relieve the symptoms. The information will guide rule out potential causes of the client’s problem. The nurse should also obtain information about the treatments that were useda year ago when she experienced the same symptoms. Information about the patient’s sexual habits should also be obtained. This includes data about unprotected or protected sex. The nurse should also obtain data about douching, wearing tight undergarments, and scented underwear.

The nurse should also ask if her partner has similar problem to rule out the potential of a sexually transmitted infection. Information about the color or smell of the urine should also be obtained. This will help rule out causes such as urinary tract infection(Ackley et al., 2021). Besides, information about any allergies to drugs should be obtained, as it will determine the client’ treatment options. Lastly, the information about the impact of the health problem should be obtained. This includes its effect on the ability of the patient too engage in her social and occupational roles.

Objective Portion

Additional information should also be obtained in the objective portion. One of them is the review of other systems that include respiratory and cardiovascular system. The review is important to rule out any other comorbidities the client may have. The nurse should also include information about the presence or absence of abdominal tenderness, organomegaly, or guarding. The data on the presence or absence of edema should also been included. This could help rule out renal problems such as kidney disease(Ackley et al., 2021). The information about any abnormal smell should have also been provided. Such information could have helped rule out causes such as sexually transmitted infections.

Assessment Supported

Subjective ad objective data support the assessment. Subjective data is the patient’s version of a health problem. It helps healthcare providers to understand the patient experiences with a disease and its impact on their health and wellbeing. The subjective data in the case study include the client’s presenting complains, past medical and surgical history, information about review of systems, and chief complain. Objective data refers to the information that healthcare providers obtain through methods such as inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion. The data validates subjective assessment information. The examples of objective data in the case study include vital signs and results of pelvic examination.

Diagnostic Tests

The healthcare provider should request for several diagnostic tests. One of them is urinalysis. Urinalysis should be done to determine the presence of white blood cells, blood, or glucose. Urine culture should also be done to determine if the cause of the problem is gram positive or negative organism. Complete blood count is also recommended to detect any abnormalities such as elevated white blood cell count, which will indicate an infection. Pelvic ultrasound may also be needed to rule out causes such as renal stones. VDRL should also be done to rule out sexually transmitted infections (Weese et al., 2021). A pap smear may also be required should the healthcare provider be interested in ruling out causes such ascervical cancer.

Rejection or Acceptance

I will accept the diagnosis of urinary tract infection and reject sexually  transmitted infection. Patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections experience symptoms that align with those seen in the patient. They include dysuria, urgency, frequency, cloudy urine, strong-smelling urine, and pelvic pain(Neugent et al., 2020). Women are highly vulnerable to urinary tract infection than men due to the differences in the genitourinary structures.

Possible Conditions

As noted above, the client’s primary diagnosis is urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection affects any part of the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder, kidneys, and ureters. The symptoms associated with urinary tract infections include strong, persistent urge to urinate, burning sensation during urination, increased urinary frequency, cloudy urine, strong-smelling urine, and pelvic pain(Byron, 2019).

The other differential that should be considered for the patient is pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis is a complication of urinary tract infection. It develops from ascending causative organism for the urinary tract infection to the bladder and kidneys. The affected patients experience symptoms that include fever, abdominal and flank pain, dysuria, cloudy urine, blood or pus in urine, increased urinary frequency and urgency, and fish-smelling urine(Kolman, 2019). The additional symptoms that may be experienced include nausea, chills, vomiting, fatigue, mental confusion, and moist skin.

The last differential to consider for the patient is renal stones. Renal stones or nephrolithiasis is a condition that develops from the deposition of salts and stones in the kidneys. Nephrolithiasis is associated with factors such as excess body weight, extreme dehydration, and diet. The affected patients experience symptoms that include sharp pain in the back and side below the ribs, pain radiating to the groin and lower abdomen, dysuria, and cloudy-smelling urine. There is also increased urgency, nausea and vomiting, and pink or read urine (Mayans, 2019).

Conclusion

Additional information is needed in the subjective and objective portions. I will accept the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Additional diagnostic investigations are essential to develop an accurate diagnosis. The nurse should consider the differentials and narrow to a single cause in the treatment process. s

References

Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., Makic, M. B. F., Martinez-Kratz, M. R., & Zanotti, M. (2021). Nursing Diagnosis Handbook, 12th Edition Revised Reprint with 2021-2023 NANDA-I® Updates—E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Byron, J. K. (2019). Urinary Tract Infection. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 49(2), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.11.005

Kolman, K. B. (2019). Cystitis and Pyelonephritis: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 46(2), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2019.01.001

Mayans, L. (2019). Nephrolithiasis. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 46(2), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2019.02.001

Neugent, M. L., Hulyalkar, N. V., Nguyen, V. H., Zimmern, P. E., & De Nisco, N. J. (2020). Advances in Understanding the Human Urinary Microbiome and Its Potential Role in Urinary Tract Infection. MBio, 11(2), e00218-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00218-20

Weese, J. S., Blondeau, J., Boothe, D., Guardabassi, L. G., Gumleyg, N., Papichh, M., Jesseni, L. R., Lappinj, M., Rankin, S., Westropp, J. L., & Sykes, J. (2021). International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. 日本獣医腎泌尿器学会誌, 13(1), 46–63. https://doi.org/10.24678/javnu.13.1_46