NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

Sample Answer for NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review Included After Question

Description: 

The purpose of this assignment is to write a review of the research articles you evaluated in your Topic 5

“Evidence-Based Practice Project: Evaluation of Literature” assignment. If you have been directed by your instructor to select different articles in order to meet the requirements for a literature review or to better support your evidence-based practice project proposal, complete this step prior to writing your review.

A literature review provides a concise comparison of the literature for the reader and explains how the research demonstrates support for your PICOT. You will use the literature review in this assignment in NUR-590, during which you will write a final paper detailing your evidence-based practice project proposal.

In a paper of 1,250-1,500, select eight of the ten articles you evaluated that demonstrate clear support for your evidence-based practice and complete the following for each article:

1. Introduction – Describe the clinical issue or problem you are addressing. Present your PICOT statement.
2. Search methods – Describe your search strategy and the criteria that you used in choosing and searching for your
3. Synthesis of the literature – For each article, write a paragraph discussing the main components (subjects, methods, key findings) and provide rationale for how the article supports your PICOT.
4. Comparison of articles – Compare the articles (similarities and differences, themes, methods, conclusions, limitations, controversies).
5. Suggestions for future research: Based on your analysis of the literature, discuss identified gaps and which areas require further research.
6. Conclusion – Provide a summary statement of what you found in the literature.
7. Complete the “APA Writing Checklist” to ensure that your paper adheres to APA style and formatting criteria and general guidelines for academic writing. Include the completed checklist as an appendix at the end of your

Refer to the “Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal – Assignment Overview” document for an overview of the evidence-based practice project proposal assignments.

You are required to cite eight peer-reviewed sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

Title: NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

Patient safety and improved quality of care requires providers and organization to use evidence-based practice (EBP) interventions to tackle issues that may cause adverse events like patient falls. Patients in medical-surgical units are susceptible to falls because of their delicate nature. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) considers falls as never events since they are preventable (Melnyk et al., 2022). Falls lead to increased stay in hospitals, poor patient outcome and serious fractures and head injuries that can lead to death. The use of bundled care approach through TIPS (tailoring interventions for patient safety) is considered one of the most effective ways to reduce and prevent falls in medical-surgical settings. The purpose of this literature review paper of the EBP project is to compare articles on the use of TIPS toolkit to reduce and prevent falls in medical-surgical settings.

PICOT Statement and Question

Nationwide, patient falls while in hospitals, particularly in medical-surgical units, are a leading cause of permanent disability and even death. Further, hospitalization increases one’s fall risk as close to three percent of patients fall while in hospitals. Nearly 30% of those who experience falls sustain injuries with a rise in the number of days in hospitals by close to 7 days. Again, under Medicare, the CMS does not reimburse falls and hospitals cannot get a Magnet designation when their fall rates are not below the national average (Khasnabish et al., 2020). The implication is that hospital managers and leaders must seek ways, through the use of evidence-based practice, to reduce the occurrence of falls. The use of TIPS toolkit is considered one of the most effective ways to reduce and mitigate falls and their occurrences as well as effects on patients in medical-surgical units.

PICOT Question

Among hospitalized adult patients in medical-surgical units (P) does the use of TIPS toolkit as a bundled care approach (I) compared to normal falls prevention approach (C) reduce the prevalence of falls (O) within 6 months (T)?

Search Methods

The evidence-based practice process implores researchers to seek evidence from previous research articles when doing their literature to obtain findings that support their proposed projects or interventions. The use terms, phrases and words associated with the topic under investigation and exploring databases to generate scholarly sources are some of the standard search strategies that one can deploy to attain relevant evidence. The study employed these strategies, starting with key terms and words in different databases. These included PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar as well as CINAHL. The strategy also entailed the use of CRAAP approach that involves searching for articles which are current, relevant, accurate, authoritative and purposeful to the area or topic under investigations (Melnyk et al., 2022). Using this criteria, the paper identified the reviewed articles and describes how they support the proposed EBP project to reduce and prevent the occurrence of falls in medical-surgical settings.

Research Synthesis

Article 1

The first article by Dykes et al. (2020) evaluates the use of a patient-centered fall prevention TIPS to lower falls and their associated injuries. Using non-randomized controlled trials with the study set in 14 medical units in Boston and New York, the researchers show a positive link between the intervention and a decline in number of falls. The researchers are categorical that nurse-led interventions can reduce injurious falls through providing information to families on fall management and prevention. The article demonstrates the efficacy of using TIPS as an intervention as depicted by the PICOT question.

Article 2

The second article by Tzeng et al. (2021) focuses on the impact of using TIPS program in reducing falls among older adults in nursing homes. Using a mixed method approach in a 15-bed nursing unit, the findings from the study shows that fall TIPS can reduce the rate of falls, especially injurious falls among older patients or adults. The TIPS program entails different approaches that include patient education and creating awareness about the harmful effects of falls. The article is critical to the EBP proposed project as it illustrates the increased role of TIPS initiative to reduce falls as depicted in the PICOT question. The article supports the EBP project since it shows that TIPS as an intervention is effective.

Article 3

In this article by Morris et al. (2022) the researchers conduct a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis on diverse interventions that can reduce falls. The researchers identify a host of interventions based on the data collected from the 43 studies that met their inclusion criteria. The findings show that tailoring or customization of interventions leads to reduced rates of falls for patients in such facilities. These interventions are effective when they consider the different components and factors impacting patient situations. As such, the article supports the EBP proposed project by demonstrating the effectiveness of diverse and tailored interventions for patients based on their level of acuity.

Article 4

The fourth article by Heng et al. (2020) is a scoping review of how hospitals can use patient education as a strategy to prevent falls. The researchers focused on 43 articles when analyzing the different approaches in patient education that confer benefits to patients to reduce their susceptibility to falls. The analysis shows that patient educational interventions can reduce falls that lead to injuries and bruises as well as lacerations and fractures. The study recommends the need to deploy TIPS as an effective approach to reducing and mitigating falls among patients. The article supports the EBP proposed project as it shows the need for diverse interventions like different approaches to educating patients on fall risks that they may be exposed to in their activities of daily living.

Article 5

In their article, LeLaurin et al. (201) aim at familiarizing different stakeholders about the benefits as well as the cons of various types of research studies on testing fall prevention interventions. The researchers opine that organizations and providers should focus on diverse interventions, one point at a time, to attain their efficacy and impact on patient fall management. The study’s findings are categorical that the effectiveness of each type of interventions depends on a host of factors. Therefore, customizing or tailoring these interventions is essential to attaining quality outcomes and helping patients avoid and reduce their susceptibility to falls. The article is important in the EBP project as it shows the need for tailoring each intervention to suit patient needs and situations.

Article 6

The article by Dykes et al. (2019) focuses on the effectiveness of tailoring interventions through a collaborative approach among providers. Using a qualitative approach or design, the article demonstrates that fall TIPS program is effective in reducing and preventing falls in diverse patient settings. The study is emphatic that TIPS model is important for providers to reduce and prevent falls. The article supports the EBP proposed project as it illustrates the importance of customizing interventions to meet patient needs and reduce susceptibility to falls.

Article 7

In this article by Cuttloer et al. (2018), the researchers aim at reducing inpatient falls in medical-surgical settings through technology-enabled TIPS initiative. The researchers use a four-minute video to provide patient education and collect their views on the implementation based on their situation. The findings are consistent that TIPS initiatives reduce and prevent falls. Therefore, the article supports the EBP project by showing that tailoring interventions is essential in addressing patient falls in medical-surgical settings.

Article 8

In their study, Bargmann et al. (2020) evaluates the effects of implementing a multicomponent fall prevention program to improve patient safety because of risks associated with falls. Set in a 26-bed medical surgical telemetry unit, the study shows that these interventions are effective in reducing falls and risks associated with falling for fragile patients. The article supports the EBP project since it is categorical that TIPS model reduce and prevents the occurrence of falls.

Comparison of the Articles

The reviewed articles share certain aspects in their research findings and also differ in other areas. for instance, all the articles agree that tailoring interventions on falls is an effective strategy that all providers and facilities should leverage in their settings. Again, the article agree that the TIPS model gives hospitals and providers increased leeway to implement interventions that are appropriate to their facilities based on their cost and other components. Thirdly, all the articles demonstrate that multiple interventions are complementary to the efforts and policies developed by organizations to reduce and prevent falls in their articles.

None of the article demonstrates controversies but all agree conclusively that more studies are required to provide significant outcomes. The articles also share limitations like timelines to conduct the studies, use of same settings and need for beet support from management and other stakeholders (Khasnabish et al., 2020). The articles do not have significant differences as they are emphatic that these diverse interventions are necessary in reducing falls, especially injurious falls among older patients.

Suggestions for Future Research

An analytical perspective of the eight articles and others demonstrate the need for more research to tackle some of the gaps. For instance, the articles do not offer a standard TIPS approach that can be used across all facilities, irrespective of their patient’s acuity and needs. As such, it is important to have more studies on the development of a standardized tool or approach to falls based on the nature of the respective setting, from medical-surgical units to outpatient facilities.

Conclusion

Falls are a major health issue that impact overall quality of care and life for patients, especially the elderly admitted to medical-surgical units. The use of TIPS toolkit; either patient-centered or nurse-driven, is critical to reducing these falls because of their adverse effects like injuries and long-term fractures and disabilities. The articles are emphatic that using TIPS allows providers to offer the most effective interventions to reduce and prevent their occurrence. The review illustrates that sufficient evidence exists to support the proposed interventions based on the TIPS framework to reduce falls.

NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review References

Bargmann, A. L., & Brundrett, S. M. (2020). Implementation of a multicomponent fall

prevention program: Contracting with patients for fall safety. Military medicine, 185(Supplement_2), 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz411

Cuttler, S. J., Barr-Walker, J., & Cuttler, L. (2018). Reducing medical-surgical inpatient falls and

injuries with videos, icons and alarms. BMJ open quality, 6(2), e000119.

DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000119

Dykes, P. C., Adelman, J. S., Alfieri, L., Bogaisky, M., Carroll, D., Carter, E., … & Spivack, L.

370. (2019). The fall TIPS (tailoring interventions for patient safety) program: A collaboration to end the persistent problem of patient Falls. Nurse Leader, 17(4), 365-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2018.11.006

Dykes, P. C., Burns, Z., Adelman, J., Benneyan, J., Bogaisky, M., Carter, E., Ergai, A., Lindros,

2025889. E., Lipsitz, S. R., Scanlan, M., Shaykevich, S., & Bates, D. (2020). Evaluation of a Patient-Centered Fall-Prevention Tool Kit to Reduce Falls and Injuries. JAMA Network Open, 3(11), e2025889. https://doi.org/10

Heng, H., Jazayeri, D., Shaw, L., Kiegaldie, D., Hill, A. M., & Morris, M. E. (2020). Hospital

falls prevention with patient education: a scoping review. BMC geriatrics, 20, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01515-w

Khasnabish, S., Burns, Z., Couch, M., Mullin, M., Newmark, R., & Dykes, P. C. (2020). Best

practices for data visualization: creating and evaluating a report for an evidence-based fall prevention program. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 27(2), 308-314. DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocz190.

LeLaurin, J. H., & Shorr, R. I. (2019). Preventing falls in hospitalized patients: state of the

science. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 35(2), 273-283. DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2019.01.007

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2022). Evidence-based practice in nursing &

            healthcare: A guide to best practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Morris, M. E., Webster, K., Jones, C., Hill, A. M., Haines, T., McPhail, S., … & Cameron, I.

(2022). Interventions to reduce falls in hospitals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 51(5), afac077. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac077

Tzeng, H.-M., Jansen, L. S., Okpalauwaekwe, U., Khasnabish, S., Andreas, B., & Dykes, P. C.

(2021). Adopting the Fall Tailoring Interventions for Patient Safety (TIPS) Program to Engage Older Adults in Fall Prevention in a Nursing Home. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, https://doi.org/10.1097/ncq.0000000000000547

The purpose of this assignment is to write a review of the research articles you evaluated in your Topic 5 “Evidence-Based Practice Project: Evaluation of Literature” assignment. If you have been directed by your instructor to select different articles in order to meet the requirements for a literature review or to better support your evidence-based practice project proposal, complete this step prior to writing your review. NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

A literature review provides a concise comparison of the literature for the reader and explains how the research demonstrates support for your PICOT. You will use the literature review in this assignment in NUR-590, during which you will write a final paper detailing your evidence-based practice project proposal.

ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

In a paper of 1,250-1,500, select eight of the ten articles you evaluated that demonstrate clear support for your evidence-based practice and complete the following for each article:

Introduction – Describe the clinical issue or problem you are addressing. Present your PICOT statement.

Search methods – Describe your search strategy and the criteria that you used in choosing and searching for your articles.

Synthesis of the literature – For each article, write a paragraph discussing the main components (subjects, methods, key findings) and provide rationale for how the article supports your PICOT.

Comparison of articles – Compare the articles (similarities and differences, themes, methods, conclusions, limitations, controversies).

Suggestions for future research: Based on your analysis of the literature, discuss identified gaps and which areas require further research.

Conclusion – Provide a summary statement of what you found in the literature.

Complete the “APA Writing Checklist” to ensure that your paper adheres to APA style and formatting criteria and general guidelines for academic writing. Include the completed checklist as an appendix at the end of your paper.

Refer to the “Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal – Assignment Overview” document for an overview of the evidence-based practice project proposal assignments.

You are required to cite eight peer-reviewed sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

Benchmark Information

This benchmark assignment assesses the following programmatic competencies:

MBA-MSN; MSN-Nursing Education; MSN Acute Care Nurse Practitioner-Adult-Gerontology; MSN Family Nurse Practitioner; MSN-Health Informatics; MSN-Health Care Quality and Patient Safety; MSN-Leadership in Health Care Systems; MSN-Public Health Nursing

3.2: Analyze appropriate research from databases and other information sources to improve health care practices and processes.

Course Code Class Code Assignment Title Total Points
NUR-550 NUR-550-O503 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review 175.0

Criteria Percentage Unsatisfactory (0.00%) Less Than Satisfactory (80.00%) Satisfactory (88.00%) Good (92.00%) Excellent (100.00%)
Content 70.0%
Introduction 5.0% The clinical issue or problem and PICOT statement are omitted. The clinical issue or problem and PICOT statement are incomplete or incorrect. The clinical issue or problem and PICOT statement are presented. Some aspects are vague. There are minor inaccuracies. The clinical issue or problem and PICOT statement are adequately described. The clinical issue or problem and PICOT statement are thoroughly described. NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

Search Methods 10.0% The search strategy and criteria used in choosing and searching for articles are omitted. The search strategy and criteria used in choosing and searching for articles are only partially described. The search strategy and criteria used in choosing and searching for articles are summarized. More information is needed. The search strategy and criteria used in choosing and searching for articles are described. Some detail is needed for clarity or accuracy. The search strategy and criteria used in choosing and searching for articles is thoroughly described.

Synthesis of Literature 10.0% A paragraph for one or more article is missing. All articles are presented, but the synthesis of literature is incomplete. A summary for each article is presented. The main components (subjects, methods, key findings) are generally discussed. General rationale for how each article supports the PICOT is provided. More information is needed. A paragraph for each article is presented. The main components (subjects, methods, key findings) are adequately discussed, and rationale for how each article supports the PICOT is provided. Some detail is needed for clarity or accuracy. A well-developed paragraph for each article is presented. The main components (subjects, methods, key findings) are thoroughly discussed, and substantial rationale for how each article supports the PICOT is clearly provided.

Comparison of Articles 10.0% One or more article is missing in the comparison. All articles are presented, but the comparison is incomplete. A general comparison of the similarities, differences, themes, methods, conclusions, limitations, and controversies among the articles is presented. Some aspects are unclear. More information is needed. A comparison of the similarities, differences, themes, methods, conclusions, limitations, and controversies among the articles is adequately presented. Some detail is needed for clarity or accuracy. A detailed comparison of the similarities, differences, themes, methods, conclusions, limitations, and controversies among the articles is thoroughly presented.

Suggestions for Future Research 10.0% Identified gaps and areas requiring further research are omitted. Identified gaps and areas requiring further research are only partially presented. Some identified gaps and areas requiring further research are generally discussed. The narrative is generally based on the analysis of the literature. More information is needed. Identified gaps and areas requiring further research are adequately discussed. The narrative is based on the analysis of the literature. Some detail is needed for clarity or accuracy. Identified gaps and areas requiring further research are thoroughly discussed and clearly based on the analysis of the literature. The narrative is insightful and demonstrates an understanding of research analysis necessary for future study. NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

Conclusion 5.0% The conclusion is omitted. A conclusion is presented but fails to present a summary statement of what was found in the literature. The conclusion presents a vague summary statement of was found in the literature. There are inaccuracies. The conclusion presents an adequate summary statement of what was found in the literature. The conclusion is well-developed and presents a clear and accurate summary statement of what was found in the literature.

Ability to Analyze (C3.2) 10.0% The literature review presented does not demonstrate an ability to analyze appropriate research from databases and other information sources to improve health care practices and processes. The literature review presented does not consistently demonstrate an ability to analyze appropriate research from databases and other information sources to improve health care practices and processes. The literature review presented demonstrates a general ability to analyze appropriate research from databases and other information sources to improve health care practices and processes. The literature review presented demonstrates an adequate ability to analyze appropriate research from databases and other information sources to improve health care practices and processes. The literature review presented demonstrates a strong ability to analyze appropriate research from databases and other information sources to improve health care practices and processes.

Appendix 5.0% The appendix and required resources are omitted. The APA Writing Checklist is attached, but an appendix has not been created. The paper does not reflect the use of the APA Writing Checklist during development The APA Writing Checklist is attached and in the appendix. The APA Writing Checklist was generally used in development of the paper, but some aspects are inconsistent with the paper format or quality. The APA Writing Checklist is attached in the appendix. It is apparent that the APA Writing Checklist was used in development of the paper. The APA Writing Checklist is attached in the appendix. It is clearly evident by the quality of the paper that the APA Writing Checklist was used in development. NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

Required Sources 5.0% Sources are not included. Number of required sources is only partially met. Number of required sources is met, but sources are outdated or inappropriate. Number of required sources is met. Sources are current, but not all sources are appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content. Number of required resources is met. Sources are current and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

Organization and Effectiveness 20.0%

Thesis Development and Purpose 7.0% Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear. Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose. Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

Argument Logic and Construction 8.0% Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources. Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility. Argument is orderly but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis. Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative. Clear and convincing argument that presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 5.0% Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

Format 10.0%

Paper Format (Use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) 5.0% Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent. Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present. Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style. All format elements are correct.

Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) 5.0% Sources are not documented. Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct. Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.

Topic 7 DQ 1

Identify two major policy issues that affect the current state of health care delivery and population health equity in the United States (may be state or federal). What impact do these population health policies and initiatives have on advanced nursing practice?

Re: Topic 7 DQ 1

Two major policy issues that affect the current state of health care delivery and population health equity in the United States are the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Medicare reform. When the ACA was enacted in 2010, 46.5 million people, or 17.8% of the total nonelderly population were uninsured, with people of color compared to White people at the highest risk of lacking coverage (Artiga et. al., 2021). Post pandemic, the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) further increased access to healthcare coverage by expansions in eligibility to buy health insurance through the marketplaces. Research shows that a key difference in whether, when, and where people get medical care is impacted by having health insurance and ultimately how healthy they are. Future trends in coverage will have a significant impact on disparities in health access and use. The Medicare for All Act addresses health equity by eliminating all financial barriers to care, and everyone would eventually be automatically enrolled (The Medicare for all act of 2021, 2021). All medically necessary care: medical, mental, dental, vision, and hearing care; hospitalizations, prescription drugs, and long-term care would be covered services. Both initiatives ethically impact the advanced nursing practice and how and to whom care is delivered.

The advanced nursing practice (APRN) has the publics’ trust, and nurses have the education and healthcare expertise to provide credible information to legislators and regulatory agencies, proposing solutions (DeNisco, 2021). On many different levels, policy decisions are ethical decisions, and the advanced nursing practice is compelled to implement policies that support the needs of the public and the profession. Patient advocacy must include APRNs’ advocacy in reforming healthcare, ensuring healthcare is cost-effective and accessible, eliminating inequality.

NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review Resources

Artiga, S., Hill, L., Orgera, K., & Samico, A. (2021, July 16). Health coverage by race and ethnicity, 2010-2019. KFF. https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/health-coverage-by-race-and-ethnicity/.

DeNisco, S. M. (2021). Advanced practice nursing: Essential knowledge for the profession (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

The Medicare for all act of 2021. (2021, May 18). PNHP. https://pnhp.org/the-medicare-for-all-act-of-2021/.

Topic 7 DQ 2

Select an effective current health policy that focuses on or affects population health. What components of this policy make it effective? Conduct research on its history and the factors that influenced its development.

Re: Topic 7 DQ 2

In 2010 a comprehensive healthcare reform, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, was passed under former President Barack Obama. This marked a historical achievement in American history because a major healthcare reform law had not been implemented since the enactment of Medicare. The ACA was developed to provide access to health insurance, manage or decrease health care costs, and improve delivery of care (as cited in French et al., 2016). By the end of 2016, ACA reduced the nation’s uninsurance rate to 9 percent and increased coverage for nearly 28 million Americans via the Medicaid expansion and marketplace exchanges (as cited in French et al., 2016). Recent studies, as cited in Chen et al., (2016) demonstrate that the implementation of the ACA has increased insurance coverage for the uninsured, thereby providing access to primary care and medications. One component of this legislation that is especially beneficial for young adults is the provision that allows dependents up to age 26 to remain on their parent’s plans, which results in increased coverage for a group at risk of being uninsured. Although not a perfect solution, the ACA represents a meaningful path towards healthcare system reform. NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review

NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review References

Chen, J., Vargas-Bustamante, A., Mortensen, K., & Ortega, A. N. (2016). Racial and ethnic disparities in health care access and utilization under the Affordable Care Act. Medical Care, 54(2), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000467

French, M. T., Homer, J., Gumus, G., & Hickling, L. (2016). Key provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA): A systematic review and presentation of early research findings. Health Services Research, 51(5), 1735–1771. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12511

Re: Topic 7 DQ 2

The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP), an Affordable Care Act initiative, requires the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to reduce payouts to care facilities that experience excessive patient readmissions. The program launched in late 2012 and defines readmissions as ‘repeat patient admissions among participating CMS hospitals in a 30-day period; allowing exceptions for specific conditions, such as heart failure and pneumonia, as well as factors such as poor health and multiple illnesses.’ (Regis college, n.d)

Hospital readmissions are associated with unfavorable patient outcomes and high financial costs. Causes of readmissions are multi-factorial and rates vary substantially by institution. Historically, nearly 20% of all Medicare discharges had a readmission within 30 days. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) has estimated that 12% of readmissions are potentially avoidable. Preventing even 10% of these readmissions could save Medicare $1 billion. Therefore, reducing hospital readmissions has been made a national priority. In 2008, MedPAC recommended to Congress that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) begin confidentially reporting readmission rates and resource usage to hospitals and physicians. In 2009, CMS began publicly reporting hospital-level readmission rates, which were added to the Hospital Compare website. For Medicare beneficiaries with inpatient stays, hospitals receive payment using the inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS). In order to provide direct financial incentive to hospitals participating in the IPPS to reduce readmission rates, the ACA added section 1886(q) to the Social Security Act establishing the HRRP. Since October 1, 2012, the HRRP has required CMS to reduce payments to IPPS-participating hospitals with excess readmissions (Mcllvennan, 2015).

NUR 550 Benchmark -Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review Reference

Regis college (n.d). 8 Important Regulations in United States Health Care. https://online.regiscollege.edu/blog/8-important-regulations-united-states-health-care/

McIlvennan, C. K., Eapen, Z. J., & Allen, L. A. (2015). Hospital readmissions reduction program. Circulation, 131(20), 1796–1803. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010270