Discussion NUR 550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer

Discussion NUR 550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer

Discussion NUR 550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer

Translational Research Graphic Organizer

            African Americans are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) due to a history of disparity in access to healthcare and poor lifestyle habits. In order to assess the context of health patterns of black-Americans, the following translational research graphic organizer is develop and provide insights on studies conducted that identify the incidences of CVDs among the populations. 

	Clinical practice issue of translational Research in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)	The distinction between structured (practical) and unstructured (theoretical) research in clinical trials	Observations (Similarities/Differences)
Methodology	Basically, the three major types of translational research; translational research 1 (T1) translational research 2 (T2), and translation research (T3) demand the researchers to be directly involved in the study variables in order to achieve the anticipated goal of the project (Spring et al., 2013). In this context, researchers initiate activities by taking full control of the dependent variables of the project during the entire study. The methodologies are thus; T1: Observational studies, Phase I and Phase II clinical trials, Case studies and Randomized Control Studies (RCTs) (Al-Bayan et al., 2017) T2: Phase III clinical trials, evidence synthesis, observational studies, and CVDs clinical guidelines (Spring et al., 2013). T3: Phase IV clinical trials, implementation research, dissemination research and diffusion research.	Methodology as per traditional practices for clinical research vary as per the following; Qualitative: Group discussions, focus groups, observation and individual depth interviews.  Quantitative: Population surveys, Audits and Laboratory Simulations	In each of the cases, researches are complex since all are considered hypothesis-oriented in order to formulate the desired clinical decision. Either of the studies require researchers to develop and design methodology by actively taking part in the research process. Contrary to traditional research, translational research are based on experiments that are closely monitored so to answer sets of biomedical questions related to clinical findings on the prevalence of CVDs among black-Americans (Brown et al., 2017).
Goals	T1: CVDs screening, diagnosis, developing treatments and interventions. T2: Testing the effectiveness and efficacy of the established treatment protocols and interventions T3: Dissemination together with the implementation of research for the selected system-wide change (Spring et al., 2013).	Qualitative: To assess and develop an understanding about the underlying causes as well as reasons and motivations. In addition, the goal is to uncover prevalent as well as trends in thought and opinion about CVDs among African Americans (Shabani et al., 2018)   Quantitative: To establish sources of data so as to generalize results as per the given sample to the African American population diagnosed with CVDs.	Traditional research is based on the analysis of human behavior with regard to selected population as well as the discovery of facts related to a given social phenomenon predominant among African Americans. On the contrary, translational research focuses on a health policy that determines health patterns among African Americans with the main aim of implementing an evidence-based practice in a given clinical setting (Al-Bayan et al., 2017).
Data Collection	Data obtained from population surveys clinical trials, practice-based research networks and population-based interventions.	Qualitative: Data collected through interviews, focused group discussion and the observation of the African American participants (Carnethon et al., 2017). Quantitative: Data collected by measuring the selected variables.	Traditional research is based on data analysis by the use of various tools whereas translational research relates to an interpretation of evidence-based research that can be implemented ins clinical practice.

Discussion NUR 550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer

Discussion NUR 550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer

The selected nursing issue for the evidence-based practice (EBP) project is medication errors in nursing that happen due to staffing shortage. Medication errors are a significant problem in healthcare sector, especially at this time when there is nursing shortage and high nurse turnovers. With reduced number of nurses working in the healthcare sector, the susceptibility of patients to medication errors increases, particularly adverse drug events that can lead to death and prolonged stays in hospitals (Buerhaus et al., 2017).

The project will focus on the effectiveness of implementation of health information technology compared to the conventional ways of medication management to mitigate medication errors in critically ill patients. The selection of critically ill patients as the population of interest emanates from their increased vulnerability to injuries that need high-risk medication and more use of intravenous infusions which raises the possibility of medication errors. Health information technology can play an essential role in enhancing efficiency of nurses to offer required care and reduce medication errors.

Comparing research designs is essential to enhancing better understanding of the application and nature. Through effective understanding, nurses can apply evidence-based research into clinical practice to address issues and offer improve patient care. As such, the translational research graphic organizer compares one translational study to quantitative study, and one translational study to qualitative study.

Comparison 1: Translational Research vs. Qualitative Research

Criteria	Peer-Reviewed Translational Article and Permalink/Working Link: Härkänen, M., Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K., Murrells, T., Rafferty, A. M., & Franklin, B. D. (2019). Medication administration errors and mortality: incidents reported in England and Wales between 2007 ̶ 2016. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(7), 858-863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.11.010 Translational Research Type: T2	Peer-Reviewed Traditional Article and Permalink/Working Link: Barakat, S. & Franklin, B. D. (2020). An Evaluation of the Impact of Barcode Patient and Medication Scanning on Nursing Workflow at a UK Teaching Hospital. Pharmacy (Basel), 8(3):148.  doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8030148 Traditional Qualitative Research Type: Observational Research	Observations (Similarities/Differences)
Methodology	The researchers reported cases between 2007 and 2016 from the National Reporting and Learning System for England and Wales. The article also analyzes the deaths reported and categorizes drugs based on various parameters that include, year, age, location, and category of error using incidents’ initial classification.	The study was a comparative research with direct observation approach used in the two settings within acute surgical wards in UK hospital.	In both studies, the researchers use hypotheses to understand the phenomena under study. In both studies, the researchers actively participate in the research process. However, researchers can manipulate the outcomes and research design in qualitative study but cannot in translational research.
Goals	The study’s goals include analysis of medication administration errors reported in acute care that led to death, know the involved drugs, and offer a description of administration error features like location type of error and patient age.	The authors assert that little is known about the use of barcode medication administration. Therefore, the researchers sought to evaluate the effects of barcode patient and medication scanning on nursing flow at a teaching hospital in the UK.	In both studies, the researchers’ focus is to improve practice interventions on the issue of medication administration errors. Conversely, the translational research’s main focus is to enhance practice and not produce new knowledge. In this case, the translational research article seeks to improve reporting and knowledge about the effects of medication errors. However, the qualitative research seeks new knowledge about the use barcode scanning.
Data Collection	The authors collected data from incident reporting in acute care setting. The data came from the National Reporting and Learning System of England and Wales.	The researchers collected data on drug rounds through observation on different parameters that include duration, timelines of medication administration, identity of patients, verification of medications and the overall workflow patterns in the two facilities.	Both collect data from different sources. However, qualitative study uses primary data collected through observation while the translational study uses secondary data from the reporting mechanism used in England and Wales.

 

 

Comparison 2: Translational Research vs. Quantitative Research

Criteria	Peer-Reviewed Translational Article and Permalink/Working Link: Flott, K., Nelson, D., Moorcroft, T., Mayer, E. K., Gage, W., Redhead, J. & Darzi, A. W. (2018).  Enhancing Safety Culture Through Improved Incident Reporting: A Case Study in Translational Research, Health Affairs, 37(11).  https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0706 Translational Research Type:	Peer-Reviewed Traditional Article and Permalink/Working Link: Alomari, A., Sheppard-Law, S., Lewis, J. & Wilson, V. (2020). Effectiveness of Clinical Nurses’ interventions in reducing medication errors in a pediatric ward. The Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(17-18): 3403-3413. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15374 Traditional Quantitative Research Type: Action Research (AR) three-phase study.	Observations (Similarities/Differences)
Methodology	The article uses a case study approach to report on an initiative by two large healthcare organizations and providers on the effects of using a learning health systems cycle of interventions.	The article used a quantitative research method comprising of three phases of action research. The first phase focused on developing an overview of the medication practice while the second developed and implemented targeted interventions. The third phase evaluated the implemented interventions.	Both studies use unique methodologies based on the interests of the researchers. Both do not involve the researchers in designing the methodology and its implementation.
Goals	The goals of the study are enhancement of patient safety culture using improved reporting of incidents and learning to shape a more just organization culture.	The aims and objectives of the study was to evaluate the effects of bundle interventions that nurses can develop and implement to reduce medication administration error rates. The article also focused on enhancing nurses’ medication administration practice.	The translational study’s focus is to enhance patient safety culture through effective reporting. However, the quantitative study seeks developing new knowledge for nurses to reduce medication administration errors. The quantitative study also focuses on improving nurses’ understanding of the medication administration practice
Data Collection	The authors collected data from frontline-staff who implemented seven evidence-based interventions. Through observation, the researchers monitored and recorded reported incidents based on several indicators, including reported harms.	The researchers collected data from the six recruited clinical pediatric nurses as part of the action research team. Data collection comprised of medication incident data, medical policy audits using a questionnaire.	Both collect data from participants in different patient settings. Both show that data is an important part of any research as it validates the developed hypotheses.

Conclusion

The articles from translational research and traditional research approaches show the effects of the different study approaches in gathering data and evidence on medication errors. The articles demonstrate the need for researchers to use research designs that will lead to enhanced and quality findings to translate into evidence-based practice interventions in clinical practice. The implication is that translational and traditional research approaches differ while also agree on certain aspects of research. 

Discussion NUR 550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer References

Alomari, A., Sheppard-Law, S., Lewis, J. & Wilson, V. (2020). Effectiveness of Clinical Nurses’ interventions in reducing medication

errors in a pediatric ward. The Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(17-18): 3403-3413.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15374

Barakat, S. & Franklin, B. D. (2020). An Evaluation of the Impact of Barcode Patient and Medication Scanning on Nursing Workflow

at a UK Teaching Hospital. Pharmacy (Basel), 8(3):148.  doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8030148

Flott, K., Nelson, D., Moorcroft, T., Mayer, E. K., Gage, W., Redhead, J. & Darzi, A. W. (2018).  Enhancing Safety Culture Through

Improved Incident Reporting: A Case Study in Translational Research, Health Affairs, 37(11).

 https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0706

Härkänen, M., Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K., Murrells, T., Rafferty, A. M., & Franklin, B. D. (2019). Medication administration errors

and mortality: incidents reported in England and Wales between 2007 ̶ 2016. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(7), 858-863.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.11.010

Discussion NUR550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer

Discussion NUR550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer

Use the “Translational Research Graphic Organizer Template” to compare three types of translational research with traditional (qualitative or quantitative) research. Make sure to include methodology, goals, and data collection in your organizer.

You are required to cite three to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

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What is Translational in health?

THE TRANSLATION OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS FROM BASIC SCIENCE into everyday clinical practice remains an important issue in contemporary health, and is addressed through the new subject of translational research, which aims to bridge the gap between basic research and its application in health. At first, it connected bench (basic) to bed research (clinical applications), which is also known as benchside-to-bedside research2. The definition of translational research has evolved over time, ceasing to be a field linked to clinical research, with perspectives that were mainly focused on the development of new health technologies.

There is an emerging consensus on four perspectives that comprise different stages of translational research in their broad scope based on their different purposes. The first phase involves processes that bring the ideas and the discoveries of basic research at an early stage to their application in human beings. The second phase involves the establishment of efficacy in humans and clinical guidelines for the incorporation of the clinical knowledge into practice in health systems and services. The third phase focuses mainly on implementation research and the dissemination of the application of knowledge. The fourth phase focuses on results on patients and population effectiveness, as well as equity-related issues, in order to verify whether the expected effects of technologies introduced into the health system were different across population groups.

Currently, the European Society for Translational Medicine defines a broader scope for translational research as: an interdisciplinary branch of biomedical research supported by three pillars: bench, bed, and community research, whose goal is to combine subjects, resources, knowledge, and techniques, in order to promote advances in prevention, diagnosis, and therapies, aiming to significantly improve the global health system3.

The extension of the concept to health systems seems so obvious that one wonders why translational research has only recently caught the attention of health policy managers4. The field of translational research encompasses laboratory studies, clinical demands, public health and health management, policies, and economics. It is crucial in the evolution of contemporary biomedical science, and its interventions follow political-economic, ethical-social, and educational-scientific approaches. Translational research may progress by reorganizing academic teams translationally. New translation-oriented academic positions are urgently needed1. One of the reasons for the distance between basic research and its applications may lie in the increasing compartmentalization of science. Basic research, which seeks to discover the underlying principles of the natural world, is fundamentally different from applied research, which seeks to find ways to influence or control the world. Basic and applied research scientists not only differ in their training and in the tools, they bring to solve research problems, but also in the way they plan the health research process.

Aspects related to policy implementation and the development of other technology modalities, other than drugs and diagnostic testing, have gradually attracted the attention and interest of the academic community and decision-makers around the world. Increasingly, translational research also means translating knowledge into political and organizational praxis.

In order to move forward in this direction, translational research has broadened its scope and built connections to align itself with the translation of knowledge. It is defined as a systematic and transparent process of synthesis, dissemination, exchange, and ethical application of knowledge to improve results and strengthen public policies and health systems, as well as population health, encompassing all the phases in between production and effective application of scientific knowledge, in its various modalities and epistemological and methodological perspectives, in order to support more beneficial results for society.

Course Code Class Code Assignment Title Total Points

NUR-550 NUR-550-O503 Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal: Research Design Comparison 100.0
Criteria Percentage Unsatisfactory (0.00%) Less Than Satisfactory (80.00%) Satisfactory (88.00%) Good (92.00%) Excellent (100.00%)
Content 100.0%
Nursing Practice Problem (Revision) 10.0% The nursing practice problem was not included, or the required revisions were not made. The changes failed to meet the criteria for a relevant nursing practice problem for an evidence-based practice project proposal. Additional revisions are still required for approval. Revisions were made accordingly to improve the proposed nursing practice problem, but some aspects are inaccurate or unclear. Additional revisions are still required for approval. NA The nursing practice problem is clearly presented and approved. No revision was required, or all necessary revisions are were made.
Translational and Traditional Articles 15.0% More than two articles selected do not meet the assignment criteria. At least one article is omitted. Two articles do not meet the assignment criteria. It is unclear how one or two of the articles support the proposed nursing practice problem. One article does not meet the assignment criteria. Overall, the articles generally support the proposed nursing practice problem. The proposed problem would be better supported with the selection of one or two different articles. The articles meet the assignment criteria and provide adequate support for the proposed nursing practice problem. A quantitative article and a qualitative article were each compared to a translational research article. The articles are peer-reviewed, published within the last five years, and pertain to the nursing practice problem. The assignment criteria are fully met.

Comparison of Methodology Between Translational and Traditional Research 15.0% The comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is omitted. The comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. A summary comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is presented. Some aspects are incorrect or unclear. The comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is adequately presented. Some aspects require more detail for accuracy or clarity. The comparison between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative methodologies is thorough and accurate. A clear understanding of translational and traditional methodologies is demonstrated.

Comparison of Goals Between Translational and Traditional Research 15.0% The comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is omitted. The comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. A summary comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is presented. Some aspects are incorrect or unclear. A comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is adequately presented. Some aspects require more detail for accuracy or clarity. The comparison of goals between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is thorough and accurate. An understanding of goals between traditional and translational research is evident.

Comparison of Data Collection Between Translational and Traditional Research 15.0% The comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is omitted. The comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. A summary comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is presented. Some aspects are incorrect or unclear. The comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is adequately presented. Some aspects require more detail for accuracy or clarity. The comparison of data collection between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research is thorough and accurate. An understanding of goals between traditional and translational research is evident.

Observations (Similarities and Differences) 20.0% The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are not discussed. The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are only partially discussed. The narrative is vague and contains inaccuracies. The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are summarized. More information is needed. There are minor inaccuracies. The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are presented. Some detail is needed for clarity or accuracy The similarities and differences between translational and quantitative and translational and qualitative research are detailed and informative.

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use) 5.0% Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is employed Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied. Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.

The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) 5.0% Sources are not documented. Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct. Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.

State the nursing practice problem for your evidence-based practice project. If your nursing problem has not yet been approved, make any required changes or revisions to your nursing practice problem prior to starting the assignment. Using your proposed topic, conduct a literature search and complete the tables below.

Nursing Practice Problem: The nursing practice problem is obesity among school-age children.

Comparison 1: Translational Research vs. Qualitative Research

Criteria	Peer-Reviewed Translational Article and Permalink/Working Link: Joseph, E. D., Kracht, C. L., St. Romain, J., Allen, A. T., Barbaree, C., Martin, C. K., & Staiano, A. E. (2019). Young children’s screen time and physical activity: Perspectives of parents and early care and education center providers. Global Pediatric Health, 6, 2333794X19865856. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2333794X19865856 Translational Research Type: Translation to practice (T3)	Peer-Reviewed Traditional Article and Permalink/Working Link: Stiglic, N., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9(1), e023191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191 Traditional Qualitative Research Type: systematic review of past literature.	Observations (Similarities/Differences)
Methodology	Four focus groups (3 parents and 1 ECE provider) were conducted and thematic analysis performed to identify themes and subthemes on children’s screen time and physical activity. Twenty-eight caregivers (21 parents and 7 ECE providers) participated in the research.	A systematic review of past studies on the evidence for health and well-being effects of screen time in children and adolescents was conducted. 13 reviews were identified.	Joseph et al. (2019) used focus groups while Stiglic and Viner (2019) did a literature review.
Goals	The primary goal was to seek input from caregivers on barriers and facilitators of physical activity and screen time to comprehensively address them and promote children’s health.	The study systematically examined the evidence of harms and benefits relating to screen time for children and young people’s health and well-being.	Joseph et al. (2019) examined how caregivers’ input regarding physical activity and screen time can be used to promote children’s health while Stiglic and Viner (2019) examined what past studies concluded regarding harms and benefits of screen time and children’s health and well-being.
Data Collection	Data for the study was obtained from focus groups containing twenty-eight caregivers. Focus groups were held between January and March 2017.	Stiglic and Viner (2019) searched electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL) in February 2018.	Joseph et al. (2019) collected data from participants while Stiglic and Viner (2019) collected from peer-reviewed articles.

 

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a group that works under FDA regulations and selected to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects. IRB serves an important role in the protection of human rights and welfare of human research subjects. IRB uses a group process to review research protocols and related materials including informed consent to ensure protection of rights and welfare human research subjects (FDA, 2019).  

Population health is basically the distribution of health outcomes in a group of people, the determinants that influence distribution, and the policies and interventions that affect the determinants (Nash, 2021). Different research studies are focused on the triple aims goal to improve population health, reduced health care costs, and an improved patient experience.  

The Belmont report explains the basic ethical principles involving human subject research as respect for persons; Beneficence and justice. Respect for persons involves informed consent and appreciating participants’ autonomy. Having a study go through a risk-benefit analysis, weighs any benefits against potential risks to reduce the harm. Also, scientific validity supports beneficence. And justice is about being fair distribution of burdens and potential benefits of participation research (OHRP, 2018).  

The way I understood the ethical considerations- for example, if a hospital is working on reducing the readmissions for a specific patient population- per beneficence the focus should be shifting the care strategies for better overall health outcomes and not from care cost perspective. Respect for persons would be to include a detailed post-discharge instructions and care coordination of out-patient services focused on follow-up treatments. I would say to be fair (justice) and data accuracy, the patients who decline the follow-ups or care instructions should be excluded from the denominator.  

Comparison 2: Translational Research vs. Quantitative Research

Criteria	Peer-Reviewed Translational Article and Permalink/Working Link: Schwarzfischer, P., Gruszfeld, D., Socha, P., Luque, V., Closa-Monasterolo, R., Rousseaux, D., … & Grote, V. (2020). Effects of screen time and playing outside on anthropometric measures in preschool aged children. PloS One, 15(3), e0229708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229708 Translational Research Type: research focused on outcomes in populations (T4)	Peer-Reviewed Traditional Article and Permalink/Working Link: Goncalves, W. S. F., Byrne, R., Viana, M. T., & Trost, S. G. (2019). Parental influences on screen time and weight status among preschool children from Brazil: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0788-3 Traditional Quantitative Research Type: A cross-sectional study. [experimental research]	Observations (Similarities/Differences)
Methodology	Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) assessed children of the European Childhood Obesity Project annually by questionnaire from 3 until 6 years of age with focus on playing outside (PO) and screen time.	A survey measuring sociodemographic data, weekday and weekend screen time, and parental self-efficacy for limiting screen time.	Both studies evaluated outcomes. However, Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) used questionnaires while Goncalves et al. (2019) did a survey.
Goals	Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) investigated the relationship between average time spent on playing outside and screen time and anthropometric measures (body weight, waist circumference, and height) at 3 and 6 years of age.	Goncalves et al. (2019) examined the relationships between parental screen time, self-efficacy to limit screen time, child screen time and child BMI in preschool-aged children.	Both researches examined the relationship between screen time and measures related to obesity such as weight gain. However, Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) focused on various anthropometric measures while Goncalves et al. (2019) focused on child BMI.
Data Collection	Body weight, waist circumference and height were measured at 3 and 6 years of age to calculate Body-Mass-Index z-Scores (zBMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WTH) of 526 children of CHOP. Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) applied linear, logistic and quantile regressions to test whether playing outside and screen time impacted anthropometric measures.	Height and weight were measured to derive BMI and BMI percentile. Goncalves et al. (2019) further used observed variable path analysis to examine the relationship between parental and child variables.	Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) measured zBMI and waist-to-height ratio while Goncalves et al. (2019) measured height and weight to derive BMI.

Discussion NUR 550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer References

Goncalves, W. S. F., Byrne, R., Viana, M. T., & Trost, S. G. (2019). Parental influences on screen time and weight status among preschool children from Brazil: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0788-3

Joseph, E. D., Kracht, C. L., St. Romain, J., Allen, A. T., Barbaree, C., Martin, C. K., & Staiano, A. E. (2019). Young children’s screen time and physical activity: Perspectives of parents and early care and education center providers. Global Pediatric Health, 6, 2333794X19865856. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2333794X19865856

Schwarzfischer, P., Gruszfeld, D., Socha, P., Luque, V., Closa-Monasterolo, R., Rousseaux, D., … & Grote, V. (2020). Effects of screen time and playing outside on anthropometric measures in preschool aged children. PloS One, 15(3), e0229708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229708

Stiglic, N., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9(1), e023191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191